Background: Play, particularly pretend play, has a cognitive basis and has been linked to the language and social ability. Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine face and content validity, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the Persian translation of the child-initiated pretend play assessment Methods: Ten occupational therapists consented to be in the content validity study. Face validity was examined by five occupational therapy specialists. For reliability, 31 typically developing children aged 4 -6 years were chosen from kindergartens of four regions of Tehran, Iran. Two weeks after the initial assessment the children were re-tested for test-retest reliability. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability was scored from videos of the children's play assessment. Results: To be culturally appropriate for Iran, some phrases were changed and the pigs were replaced by dogs. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were acceptable for all items. The Intra-class correlation coefficient was ICC = 0.99 for intrarater reliability and ICC = 0.98 for inter-rater reliability. For test-retest reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient for symbolic and combined object substitution scores and all elaborate play scores ranged from ICC = 0.69 to -0.99. For imitated actions, the majority of children scored 0 on both test and re-test. Conclusions: The Persian version of child initiated pretend play assessment has appropriate face and content validity. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were excellent. PEPA, combined and symbolic NOS showed good to excellent test-retest reliability. Test retest reliability for conventional NOS was moderate and NIA was not stable with more children imitating the examiner in the first test but not the re-test.

Background: Quality of life is one of the pivotal notions of the World Health Organization’s perspective. Regarding the complications of Phenylketonuria (PKU) disease in children, it seems that this disease affects the quality of life of these mothers. Objectives: Investigating the quality of life of mothers with PKU children and to compare it with that of mothers of normal children. Materials & Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 65 mothers with PKU children and 122 mothers with normal children in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2018 (selected randomly from the general population). For data collection, mothers filled a demographic profile questionnaire and the Iranian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief. The obtained data were analyzed using the independent t test and univariate analysis of variance (α=0.05) in SPSS V. 16. Results: The Mean±SD total scores of quality of life of mothers with PKU children and mothers with normal children were 11.74±1.91 and 14.37±1.58, respectively and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). There was also a significant relationship between the quality of life of mothers with PKU children and the age of the child at the onset of treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the current study results that indicated the low quality of life of the mothers of PKU children, it is recommended that rehabilitation and psychological interventions be included in pediatric treatment programs to improve the quality of life of mothers.

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Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly common in children and can continue lifelong. Looking at children's participation in detail is excessively important since it affects their quality of life (QoL). The Iranian children's participation assessment scale is a questionnaire that determines children's participation and is primarily built for children with cerebral palsy. This study aims to estimate the psychometric properties of this questionnaire for children with ADHD. Methods: The content validity was estimated using the Lawshe method with 8 occupational therapy experts (5 with a PhD and 3 with a MA degree with at least 5 years of experience). Test-retest reliability was done using an intraclass correlation class (ICC) in a two-week interval among 30 children with ADHD. Results: Regarding content validity, CVI was found to be 1 for all items, and CVR values were between 0.75 and 1 for all items. Regarding reliability, the ICC result was 1 for all the items. Discussion: No item was omitted in the validity part, and all items showed good reliability. The test is valid and reliable for children with ADHD.

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