The inÑuence of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the photophysics of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-thione (BPT) has been studied in solution and in the solid state by steady-state absorption, emission and circular dichroism as well as by time-resolved di †use reÑectance laser Ñash photolysis. The spectral changes and induced circular dichroism indicate the formation of the cyclodextrin complexes of BPT. The very low Ñuorescence quantum yield from the state for this complex, similar to that measured for BPT alone in S 2 water, suggests that there is an interaction between water and guest molecules in the CD complexes leading to shortening of the state lifetime. The Albery model was used to analyse the phosphorescence of the BPT É b-CD solid complex. The values S 2 obtained for the average rate constants, are similar to values of the triplet state decay constant of the thioketone in inert k 6 , solvents at inÐnite dilution, Quenching by oxygen does not play an important role when thioketones are included within k 0 . cyclodextrins in the solid state.
Echium oil is a vegetable oil of non-GMO plant origin extracted from the seeds of Echium plantagineum containing significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acid Stearidonic Acid (SDA) and omega-6 acid c-linolenic acid (GLA). Typical fatty acid composition of Echium oil is: Oleic acid (18:1 n-9) 16%, Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) 19%, c-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3 n-6)10%, ␣-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) 30% and Stearidonic acid (SDA, 13%. This natural ratio of fatty acids, trough their metabolism, deliver enhanced plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and dihomo-c-linolenic (DGLA, 20:3 n-6) acids without increasing the concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA,. GLA is commonly associated with the antiinflammatory effects of oils such as evening primrose oil and borage oil. Supplementation with GLA can markedly increase serum AA with subsequent pro-inflammatory effects. The presence of stearidonic acid in echium oil prevents the accumulation of serum AA and AA-derived eicosanoids without preventing the accumulation of DGLA which is the real n-6 precursor of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. SDA is an intermediate in the biosynthetic conversion of ALA to EPA. As SDA is the product of the rate-limiting D6-desaturase step and due the efficiency of the elongase and D5-desaturase steps, SDA is readily converted to EPA. SDA has the physiologic benefits of EPA, for instance, lowering the serum triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Therefore echium oil is a true alternative for vegetarians or those who do not eat fish, to benefit from the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The influence of -cyclodextrin ( -CD) on the photophysics of alloxazines † (lumichrome, Lch; 7-methylalloxazine, 7MA11; and 8-methylalloxazine, 8MA11) has been studied in the solid state by ground-state absorption and steady-state fluorescence methods. We support the existence of inclusion complexes between Lch and -CD in water. The presence of similar complexes for 7MA11 and 8MA11 has also been found. Complexes of alloxazines and -CD are also present in the solid state. The formation of hydrogen bonds in solid inclusion complexes between alloxazines and -CD have been postulated in order to explain the luminescence behaviour of these solid complexes. New spectroscopic evidence has been found in the solid state of doubly hydrogen-bonded lumichrome dimers capable of executing double proton transfer in the excited state.
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