The incidences of rib and intraspinal anomalies were 57.4 and 21.8 % in surgical Caucasians with congenital scoliosis, respectively. Unlike vertebral and intraspinal anomalies, rib and intraspinal anomalies were significantly associated. Male gender and intraspinal anomaly were associated with some previously suggested risk factors of curve progression.

ContextTraditional Iranian medicine (TIM) is a rich and valuable school of thought that believes medications are not the only effective approach for the treatment of diseases but that nutrition is also important.Evidence AcquisitionOur study includes two parts; the first is a book review of the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (10th and 11th centuries), in which we focus on finding and understanding Avicenna’s point of view. In the second part, we searched for “food reduction” as a key word from 2000 to 2015 in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO-CINAHL, and the Iranian search database Iranmedex for principles of food reduction in classical medicine.ResultsThe main methods of treatment in traditional medicine include changes in lifestyle, especially diet, the use of medications, and the use of manipulation methods. For diet, the individual may be prohibited from eating or food amounts may be decreased or increased. Centuries ago, Avicenna was making use of methods of food reduction as an important therapeutic approach in the treatment of diseases. According to him, food reduction, to the extent that it does not cause energy loss helps to cure disease. Avicenna has proposed food reduction as an aid to treating a variety of ailments such as headaches and reflux.ConclusionsToday, a variety of basic and clinical research has shown that food reduction or calorie restriction to a standard level can effectively prevent and treat a variety of diseases such as neoplasms, diabetes, and kidney disease. Practical principles explained by traditional Iranian medicine, in particular Avicenna, could open important and quite uncomplicated strategies for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Unlike two previous reports, the SFP angle correlated poorly to PT in this study, limiting its use as a suitable surrogate for PT in scoliotic and healthy subjects.

Background Total knee arthroplasty is a challenging task in patients with severe varus deformity. In most of these patients, an extensive medial release is needed that may lead to instability. Medial epicondylar osteotomy may be a better substitute for complete medial collateral release. Materials and Methods Fourteen patients with bilateral knee osteoarthritis and severe varus deformity were enrolled in this study. In one side, the patients underwent medial epicondylar osteotomy for mediolateral imbalance if the only option was superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL) release. In contralateral side, the extensive medial release was performed and MCL was released either by pie-crusting technique or by subperiosteally release. The results of the two sides were compared. Patients were followed up for 12 months after the operation. Physical examination, clinical questionnaires, and radiography findings were recorded. Union of the osteotomies fragment and complications was evaluated. Results The mean varus angle before surgery was 21.6 ± 4.7 degrees, which was corrected to 8.6 ± 2.9 degrees after operation with an extensive medial release. The mean varus angle of contralateral side was 22.6 ± 1.7 degrees, which was corrected to 7.5 ± 2.3 degrees following medial femoral epicondyle osteotomy. There was no significant difference in varus correction (p = 0.1). Medial joint line opening in valgus stress test was 2.7 ± 0.4 mm in the osteotomized side and 3.5 ± 0.9 mm in contralateral side. Mean range of motion for the osteotomized side was 97.8 ± 4.3 degrees and 100.7 ± 2.7 degrees for contralateral side (p = 0.6). Nonunion occurred in a case in the osteotomized side and no medial instability was observed in medial release or osteotomies sides. No statistical difference was recorded based on clinical questionnaires (Oxford and WOMAC [Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index] scores). Conclusion Medial epicondylar osteotomy is a safe technique with the well-controlled medial extensive release in the patients with severe varus deformity during total knee arthroplasty.

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