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Separating currency appreciations from depreciations and using nonlinear models in recent literature have improved discovering significant link between the trade balance and the exchange rate. We add to this growing literature by considering the experience of Bangladesh with 11 trading partners. When a linear model was used, support for the J-curve effect was present only with one small partner. However, when a nonlinear model was used, support increased to three countries including the largest partner, the U.S. which accounts for more than 12% of Bangladesh's trade. Furthermore, the nonlinear models supported short-run asymmetry adjustment as well as short-run asymmetry effects of exchange rate changes in most cases. However, long-run asymmetric effects were limited to a few.

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Unplanned urbanization enhances environmental threats. Environmental threats increases water pollution that creates harmful impacts on the distribution of aquatic species. The present study is focused to evaluate the seasonal variation of water quality parameters in the Turagriver. Water samples were collected from 5 locations in north and south sides of the Turagriver during summer and winter seasons. The quality of water was found jeopardy. Dissolved oxygen (DO) of water samples were detected 4.9 to 5.7 mgL-1 during summer season. In winter, DO was found 0.78 to 0.95 mgL-1. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was found higher in winter as compared to summer season. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Mn) in water samples were found higher than that of standard limit in both the seasons. Disposal of industrial wastewater was found to be the main causes for the pollution of water. It is suggested that disposal of wastewater should be treated properly before discharge into water bodies. Consequently, water will be contaminants free for community people and aquatic species that will help to protect of sustainable livelihood.