Background: Early marriage is still a problem in the world, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. The problem of early marriage in Indonesia takes place both in urban and rural areas with diverse population economic status. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between early marriage and child development. Method: was early marriage, while the dependent variable in this research was the development of the child. The population in this research was all toddlers residing in a region of Situbondo Regency. The total sample was 67 respondents who got married when 18 years old or younger. Data were collected Pearson correlation test with p < 0.05. Results: Early marriage has no association with child growth but it has a relationship with child development. early was found to be 62 times compared to mothers who married at an early age. Conclusion: Early marriage does not cause growth disorders of children, but early marriage has the potential

Objective : Individuals with CP have a lower life expectancy than the general population. The objective of the study is to investigate the risk factor of mortality in Indonesian children with CP. Methods : An observational analytic study was conducted using medical records at pediatric ward Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2014 to December 2016. Inclusion criteria was all of CP patients in that were hospitalized from 6 months to 14 year of age. Mortality information was obtained from annual computer and matched against the subjects with CP on the basis of name, date of birth, type of disability, degree of disability, nutritional status and the outcomes. Risk factors were counted using logistic regression. Result : Fifty five children were enrolled. The outcome revaled 12 patients (21.8% %) were death. Pneumonia was the most common underlying disease cause of death (OR=5.185 ; 95% % CI 1.249 to 21.520 ; P!0.007). Other risk factors of mortality that significant were acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR=3.333 ; 95% % CI 1.317 to 8.436 ; P!0.03). and Gross Motor Functioning Classification System (GMFCS) more than level IV (OR=1.480 ; 95% % CI 1.184 to 1.850 ; P!0.006). Conclusion : Pneumonia, AKI and severe GMFCS level were risk factors of death in patients with CP.

It is expected that probiotics may act synergistically to improve the clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of probiotics in enhancing efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in childhood allergic asthma. This was a randomized single blind clinical trial conducted on 6-17 year-old asthmatic children sensitive to house dust mite allergens. Subjects were allocated to Group A receiving SLIT, Group B receiving probiotics and SLIT, Group C receiving probiotics only. Clinical parameters (FEV1 reversibility, medication score, and symptom score) and immunological parameters (total IgE, eosinophil count, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL5, IL10, and TGF-b were evaluated in week 0 until 14. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference of clinical parameters (FEV1 reversibility, medication score, and symptom score) between groups were not significant. The difference of the immunological parameters of total IgE, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL5, IL10, and TGF-ß were also not significant. Eosinophil count decreased in subjects who received combination SLIT with probiotics. In conclusion, probiotics enhanced the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in childhood allergic asthma by decreasing the eosinophil count.

Introduction: Bulak Banteng sub-district is one of the slums in Surabaya. In a study in Bulak Banteng sub-district in 2015, 6.6% of children experienced malnutrition and 3% of children with Lower Red Line status. The highest number of children with Lower Red Line status was in RW 08. This study aimed to determine the nutritional status of children aged 0-2 years old in RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district, Surabaya, in 2018.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive study from primary data conducted by anthropometric measurement directly on toddlers and interviews with caregivers. Assessment of four anthropometric indices includes weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age. A sample of 50 toddlers was taken by proportional random sampling technique.Results: 31 children (62%) aged 0-2 years old in RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district had normal growth status based on weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age. The remaining growth status of 27 children (54%) is as follows. Based on the weight-for-age index, a child (2%) was severely underweight, and 7 children (14%) were underweight. Based on the height-for-age index, 4 children (8%) were severely stunted, and 7 children (14%) were stunted. Based on the index of weight-for-height, a child (2%) was severely wasted, and 5 children (10%) were wasted. Based on the index of head circumference-for-age, there were 1 child (2%) microcephaly and 3 children (6%) macrocephaly.Conclusion: This study found that many children aged 0-2 years old in the slum area of RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district in Surabaya experienced growth delays.

Massage stimulation has consistently led to greater anthropometric in preterm infant by increasing IGF-1 in which plays an important role in promoting growth by stimulating cell growth, multiplication and inhibiting apoptosis. This research to analyze the effect of massage stimulation on IGF-1 and anthropometric in breastfeeding preterm infant. A randomized control trial was conducted on preterm infant with gestational age less than 37 weeks between February – May 2018 in nursery Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Fifty infants in nursery was randomly assigned to massage stimulation or control group. Massage stimulation consisted for three, 15 minutes periods per day for 10 days. Insulin Growth Factor -1 serum was examined on day 1 and 10. Data were analyzed by statistical software using t-test and spearman correlation. The average increase of IGF -1  in massage group was 4.8 (SD 4.41) and 3.1 (SD 3.57) in control group. The average increase of body weight was 252.2 (SD 208.55) in massage group, and 137.9 (SD 69.78) in control group. The average increase of body length was 2 (0.68) in massage group, and 1.1 (0.33) in control group. The average increase of head circumference was 1.5 (SD 0.82) in massage group, and 0.9 (0.28) in control group. The positive correlation between the mean increase of IGF-1 and body length was 0.347. The conclusion was IGF-1 and anthropometric  increase in both groups, but the massage group has a significantly higher mean. An increase in IGF-1 correlates with increase in body length.