MDA-MB-435S human breast cancer cells (435S) secrete nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) that supports metastases and is inhibited by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ellagic acid (EA). We hypothesise that 435S cell-secreted NDPK-B supports tumour formation by modulating ATP levels locally to activate endothelial cell (EC) P2Y receptor-mediated angiogenesis. Epigallocatechin gallate (IC 50 ¼ 8-10 mM) and EA (IC 50 ¼ 2-3 mM) suppressed 435S cell growth, but had less effect on human CD31 þ EC growth. Epigallocatechin gallate (IC 50 ¼ 11 mM) and EA (IC 50 ¼ 1 mM) also prevented CD31 þ EC tubulogenesis on Matrigelt. 435S cellconditioned media induced tubulogenesis in a cell number, time, and nucleotide-dependent manner. Ellagic acid (1 mM), but not equimolar EGCG, reduced cell number-dependent angiogenesis. P2Y 1 receptor activation by NDPK-generated nucleotide (100 mM ATP) or by 10 mM 2-methyl-thio-ATP (2MS-ATP) promoted tubulogenesis on collagen and was blocked by the P2Y 1 antagonist MRS2179 (10 mM). Physiological amounts of purified as well as 435S cell-secreted NDPK also promoted angiogenesis that was attenuated by NDPK depletion or 10 mM MRS2179, indicating a P2Y 1 receptor-mediated pathway. These results support the notion that secreted NDPK mediates angiogenesis via P2Y receptor signalling and suggests that novel inhibitors of NDPK may be useful as therapeutics.

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Nano-encapsulation in terms of nanotechnology is one of the wide ranged and rapid adopted technologies in food industry. Nanotechnology has modernized the whole food system from production to stored products for the improvement in quality and preservation of nutritional status. Nano-encapsulation is also known as promising technology to protect bioactive components and could be suitable for delivering such protected compounds to target biological systems. In this review, the recent literature highlights the formulation and fabrication of nanoencapsulation using the appropriate wall materials. Moreover, literature also focuses on different methods, which have been used for encapsulation purposes such as coacervation, inclusion complexation, nano-precipitation, emulsification, supercritical fluid technique, ultra-sonification and spray and freeze-drying. Furthermore, this review also discusses the advances in the applications of nanoencapsulation for phenolic compounds, antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents, essential oils, minerals, flavors and vitamins as nano-carriers in food systems. As reviewed in this study, nanotechnology have ability to improve the food properties either in sensory attributes, storage, target delivery, along with to enhance its nutrition and make it healthier. Nano-encapsulation has played a vital role in approaching the way of advancement of bioactive compounds including their therapeutic potential especially in allied fields, food, and pharmaceutical industry during last decades.

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