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In 2019, civil society observers from around the world gathered in Ivory Coast as the human rights and education experts seated in front of them raised their hands and began to applaud, smiling and visibly relieved. Following two days of meticulous review and impassioned debate of nearly one hundred principles detailing the obligations of States to provide public education and regulate private involvement in education, their clapping signalled the unanimous adoption of the Abidjan Principles on the human rights obligations of States to provide public education and to regulate private involvement in education (hereafter referred to as the "Abidjan Principles"). This moment, on 13 February 2019 in Grand Bassam (near Abidjan, in Ivory Coast), marked the culmination of three years of participatory consultations, rigorous background research, and successive drafts involving hundreds of people and organizations globally. It signified a landmark development for the right to education, with implications for education policies and delivery. In the context of new and increasingly complex governance arrangements and processes in education and with the growing involvement of various private actors and interests in the provision, management, and funding of education in particular, the Abidjan Principles offer a reference point and a much-needed tool to address the organization of education systems.The days immediately following the adoption conference, hosted by the Ministry of Education of Ivory Coast, with the presence of the

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