Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, is approved in many countries including, but not limited to, Canada, the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom for the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. Clinical evidence is emerging for its use in managing pain conditions with different etiologies. We review the efficacy and safety of nabilone for various types of pain as well as its abuse potential, precautions and contraindications, and drug interactions; summarize pertinent clinical practice guidelines; and provide recommendations for dosing, monitoring, and patient education. Citations involving nabilone were identified through systematic reviews evaluating cannabinoids for pain. A systematic search (updated July 23, 2015) of the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was performed. Eight randomized controlled trials, two prospective cohort trials, and one retrospective chart review were retrieved. Cancer pain, chronic noncancer pain, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and pain associated with spasticity were the pain conditions evaluated. Nabilone was most commonly used as adjunctive therapy and led to small but significant reductions in pain. The most common adverse drug reactions included euphoria, drowsiness, and dizziness. Nabilone was rarely associated with severe adverse drug reactions requiring drug discontinuation, and the likelihood of abuse was thought to be low. Although the optimal role of nabilone in the management of pain is yet to be determined, certain clinical practice guidelines consider nabilone as a third-line agent.
<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Background: Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors are used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease. Depression is commonly associated with Parkinson disease, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for its management. Tertiary sources warn that the combination of MAO-B inhibitors and SSRIs can result in increased serotonergic effects, leading to serotonin syndrome.</p><p>Objective:To explore the mechanism, clinical significance, and management of this potential drug interaction through a review of the supporting evidence.</p><p>Data Sources: PubMed, MEDLINE (1946 forward), Embase (1947 forward), PsycINFO (1806 forward), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 forward) were searched on February 4, 2017. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies and case reports describing aspects of the potential interaction between MAO-B inhibitors and SSRIs in patients with Parkinson disease and published in English were identified by both title and abstract.</p><p>Data Synthesis: The search identified 8 studies evaluating the potential interaction between SSRIs and the MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline. The largest, a retrospective cohort study of 1504 patients with Parkinson disease, found no cases of serotonin syndrome with coadministration of rasagiline and an SSRI. A survey of 63 investigators in the Parkinson Study Group identified 11 potential cases of serotonin syndrome among 4568 patients treated with the combination of selegiline and antidepressants (including SSRIs). In addition, 17 case reports describing the onset of serotonin syndrome with coadministration of an SSRI and either selegiline or rasagiline were identified. Following discontinuation or dose reduction of one or both of the agents, the symptoms of serotonin syndrome gradually resolved in most cases, with none being fatal.</p><p>Conclusions: According to the literature, serotonin syndrome occurs rarely, and the combination of SSRI and MAO-B inhibitor is well tolerated. Therefore, SSRIs and MAO-B inhibitors can be coadministered, provided that their recommended doses are not exceeded and the SSRI dose is kept at the lower end of the therapeutic range. Among the SSRIs, citalopram and sertraline may be preferred.</p><p>RÉSUMÉ</p><p>Contexte : Les inhibiteurs de la monoamine oxydase B (MAO-B) sont employés dans le traitement des symptômes moteurs de la maladie de Parkinson, maladie à laquelle la dépression est souvent associée et fréquemment traitée à l’aide d’inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS). Des sources tertiaires mettent en garde contre la combinaison d’inhibiteurs de la MAO-B et d’ISRS car elle peut mener à une augmentation des effets sérotoninergiques, dégénérant en un syndrome sérotoninergique.</p><p>Objectif : Chercher à connaître le mécanisme, la signification clinique et la prise en charge de cette potentielle interaction médicamenteuse en procédant à une revue des preuves à l’appui.</p><p>Sources des données : Les bases de données PubMed, MEDLINE (depuis 1946), Embase (depuis 1947), PscyINFO (depuis 1806), et International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (depuis 1970) ont été interrogées le 4 février 2017.</p><p>Sélection des études et extraction des données : Des études et des observations cliniques, publiées en anglais, portant sur des aspects de la potentielle interaction entre les inhibiteurs de la MAO-B et les ISRS chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson ont été repérées par une recherche ciblant les titres et les résumés.</p><p>Synthèse des données : La recherche a permis de trouver 8 études analysant la potentielle interaction entre les ISRS et deux inhibiteurs de la MAO-B : la sélégiline et la rasagiline. La plus importante d’entre elles, une étude de cohorte rétrospective sur 1504 patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson, n’a relevé aucun cas de syndrome sérotoninergique en présence d’une prise concomitante de rasagiline et d’un ISRS. Une enquête auprès de 63 chercheurs dans le Parkinson Study Group a permis de relever 11 potentiels cas de syndrome sérotoninergique chez 4568 patients traités avec une combinaison de sélégiline et d’antidépresseurs (notamment des ISRS). De plus, 17 observations cliniques qui décrivaient un début de syndrome sérotoninergique en présence d’une prise concomitante d’un ISRS et de sélégiline ou de rasagiline ont été recensées. Suivant la réduction de la posologie ou l’interruption d’un ou des deux médicaments, les symptômes du syndrome sérotoninergique se sont graduellement résolus dans la plupart des cas, et il n’y a eu aucune mortalité.</p><p>Conclusions : Selon la documentation, le syndrome sérotoninergique est rare et la combinaison d’ISRS et d’inhibiteurs de la MAO-B est bien tolérée. Ainsi, les deux types d’inhibiteurs peuvent être administrés conjointement pourvu que l’on ne dépasse pas la posologie recommandée et que la dose d’ISRS demeure dans le bas de l’intervalle thérapeutique. Parmi les ISRS, il peut être préférable d’employer le citalopram ou la sertraline.</p>
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