Despite huge imbalances in the division of housework between women and men, previous studies have found perceptions of equity on the part of women to be much more frequent than feelings of injustice. Taking a comparative perspective on the basis of International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2002 data (N = 8,556), we find that, on the individual level, the explanatory frameworks that have been found to influence the actual inequality of household division of labor (time availability, resource dependence, and gender ideology) contribute to the explanation of perceptions of equity, in that they interact with the inequality of the household division of labor. On the country level, the gender‐wage ratio and the average level of inequality are important predictors.

With this article we contribute to the inclusion of employees with disabilities in the workplace. Based on Stone and Colella's (1996) model of factors affecting the treatment of employees with disabilities in organizations, we concentrate on the investigation of job satisfaction as a focal affective response. Besides examining job satisfaction differences between employees with and without disabilities, we focus on perceived flexibility as an organizational boundary condition, arguing for its influence on the job satisfaction of employees with disabilities. We introduce perceived centralization and formalization, representing different indicators of flexibility, as moderators of the disability–job satisfaction relationship. Regression analysis using data from 110 small and medium‐sized companies with 4,141 employees reveals that employees with disabilities are less satisfied than their colleagues without disabilities in highly centralized environments. As predicted, a decentralized organizational context relates to higher job satisfaction levels for all employees, but especially for those having a disability. Contrary to our hypothesis, perceived formalization does not significantly influence the relationship between having a disability and job satisfaction. However, our results clearly indicate the need for companies and especially human resource departments to better adapt to the needs of people with disabilities by creating flexible working environments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Summary: One of the biggest concerns about group housing of horses is insufficient or interrupted lying behaviour, which might lead to sleep deprivation, and as a consequence thereof reduced performance and health. To address this concern the lying behaviour of 56 horses in a modern group housing system over four seasons was studied. This paper focuses on the lying behaviour of horses on different bedding materials. The reason behind is that rubber mats instead of natural bedding material have recently found an increase in the lying areas of group housings. Previous studies showed a reduced daily lying time on pure rubber mats. Therefore investigations were made on the lying behavior on sponge-filled rubber mats (7.5 cm in height, HIT-Softbed ® plus) in combination with a minimal amount of shavings (ca. 1 cm in height) and additional lying materials such as pure shavings (ca. 15 cm in height), both in three lying halls, sand in a shelter and sand in an open paddock. A particular concern of the study was, if rubber mats in combination with a minimum amount of shavings meet the horses demands as bedding material and provide a good stable climate. Moreover we investigated: preferences for different lying areas, individual differences in lying behaviour, influence of lying space, horses rank, daytime, and interruptions by group members. The mean daily total lying time per horse was significantly the longest on shavings (74.3 ± 2.87 minutes) and rubber mats (62.3 ± 2.27 minutes) both in the halls (in total 91.1± 2.7 minutes allocated on 3.2 ± 0.1 lying bouts) followed by sand bedding in the shelter (43.0 ± 2.33 minutes) and sand in the open paddock (26.7 ± 2.93 minutes). Despite horses laid down the longest in the lying halls, the shelter with sand was used more per surface area for resting recumbent, especially by low-rank horses. Hence, shelter is recommendable as an additional lying surface in group housings. No more than 50 % of the horses laid down simultaneously, although the lying space met the minimum requirement of the guidelines with 3 ×wither height 2 per horse (FMFAC 2009). A more diverse number of horses used the biggest lying hall for recumbency more often and for a longer daily period than the two smaller lying halls. Furthermore 32.7 % of the horses did not lie down every day. The horses of low rank showed a significantly shorter length (69.31± 3.9 min per horse per day) and a lower number of lying bouts (2.58 ± 0.1 per horse per day) when compared to horses of higher rank (90.9 ± 4.5 min high rank and 92.7 ± 3.6 min middle rank with 3.35 ± 0.1 and 3.12 ± 0.1 lying bouts per horse per day). Previous studies showed no differences in daily lying time if the lying space is twice the guidelines (FMFAC 2009). Therefore a lying space 6 × wither height 2 per horse is advisable for group-housed horses. Horses laid down synchronously and with 71.8 % of lying bouts (N = 1730 of 2410) mainly between midnight and 6 a.m. Non-eatable bedding material instead of straw only lead to 16.5 % interrupted lying bouts by g...