Nonpharmacologic therapies such as occupational therapy (OT) are promising for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, more research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of home-based OT programs. This pilot study aimed to assess the effects of a home-based, high-intensity and multicomponent OT intervention on the activities of daily living of people with AD in Spain. The secondary objective was to examine its impact on the cognitive functions. A multiple-baseline intrasubject design was used. Twenty-one community-dwelling older adults with mild AD (mean age 78.6 years) and their primary caregivers participated in a 12-week home-based OT program. This intervention was replicated for 8 weeks after a 1.5-month intervention withdrawal period. The intervention followed a holistic, biopsychosocial and client-centred approach and consisted of the following components: meaningful activities/tasks, cognitive stimulation, activation of psychomotor and sensory skills, home modification, caregiver counselling and training in daily living skills. Functional independence was the primary outcome (Barthel Index). The cognitive functions were assessed by the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment-Geriatric (LOTCA-G). Data were analysed using nonparametric tests. Main results showed that after completing the OT program, 6.5 months after the moment of inclusion, the level of functional independence improved significantly and the effect size was large. Moreover, there was a significant moderate-to-substantial improvement in several cognitive functions after each of the two intervention periods: place orientation, time orientation and attention/concentration. In summary, the findings give a great deal of information as a basis for further research. This study provides evidence that an intensive home-based OT intervention has a positive influence on daily activities and some cognitive functions, suggesting that this program may be beneficial as a nonpharmacological supplementary tool in health and social care for people with AD living in the community.
Resumen: Introducción: Las enfermedades/lesiones del aparato locomotor son un problema de salud frecuente, producen discapacidad y disminuyen la calidad de vida. Objetivo: El objetivo principal consistió en evaluar cómo influyen las condiciones de salud del aparato locomotor sobre el desempeño de las actividades diarias. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado con una muestra de 24 personas adultas operadas recientemente por una lesión/enfermedad del aparato locomotor, en una clínica de traumatología/ortopedia de A Coruña (España). Se utilizó un cuestionario de evaluación basado en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud. Resultados: Las actividades que realizaban con dificultad durante la lesión/enfermedad, con una frecuencia mayor, fueron las laborales o educativas (85,6%), seguidas por las transferencias, el cuidado del hogar y el ocio/tiempo libre (75%, cada una). En relación a los factores ambientales facilitadores, fue más frecuente la ayuda personal (presente en el 71,4% de las actividades estudiadas) que los productos de apoyo (utilizados en el 35,7% de actividades). Sólo encontraban barreras en el desempeño de la ducha/baño (8,3%), de tipo arquitectónico. Las lesiones/enfermedades en extremidad superior se asociaron significativamente con percibir dificultad en el vestido superior (p<0,001), alimentación (p<0,001), arreglo personal (p=0,001), preparar la comida (p=0,001) y usar dispositivos/técnicas de comunicación (p=0,037); las localizadas en extremidad inferior se relacionaron con la dificultad para la vida social/comunitaria/cívica (p=0,039). Conclusión: Las condiciones de salud del aparato locomotor comprometen seriamente el desempeño diario y la participación, por lo que es necesario desarrollar actuaciones de terapia ocupacional para promover la autonomía y calidad de vida.
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