Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000-3,000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed in the historical period onward (3,000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia, France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. Around 8% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring the geographic map. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire’s mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.
Posljednjih desetljeća istraživanja o glasnom čitanju u antici doživjela su veliki zamah, pri čemu se istraživači još nisu uspjeli složiti u vezi s načelnim i prethodnim pitanjem, a to je -je li se auditoriju naglas čitalo iz rukopisa ili se koristilo usmenom predajom ranije memoriranog teksta. Jedan od razloga nepostojanju konsenzusa je i onaj da ne raspolažemo antičkim tekstom koji bi izvijestio o eventualnim propisima za čitanje naglas, za glasno čitanje. Većina stručnjaka je suglasna da je pitanje usmenosti bilo inscenirano za bolje posredovanje sadržaja tekstova te da se glasno čitanje, bilo za publiku, bilo za sebe, zadržalo tijekom cijele antike kako tijekom određenih kultnih radnji, tako i tijekom privatnih, javnih i službenih okupljanja. Profesionalni čitači djelovali su i u ranom kršćanstvu gdje su se pojavili kao ranocrkvena služba lektora (čitača) krajem 2. st. ili početkom 3. st., o čemu svjedoči Tertulijan (160. -240.) u djelu De praescriptione hereticorum (41.8).U Saloni i Parenciju pronađeni su natpisi koji spominju ranokršćanske lektore. Cilj ovoga rada je uklopiti te natpise u do sada poznate činjenice o toj zanimljivoj ranokršćanskoj službi i kontekstualizirati ih u odnosu na aktualna istraživanja o javnom čitanju u antici.
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