Calibrachoa (Solanaceae) is a plant genus typical of open environments that occurs in both the Pampas and the high-altitude grasslands of southern Brazil (Fregonezi et al. 2012). Calibrachoas (mini petunias) are hybrids developed from native germplasm, with increasing importance in the ornamental plant market. During October 2019, basal rot was observed in plants of C. hybrida cv. INTA 06575 grown in a propagation greenhouse in Hurlingham, Buenos Aires. Those symptoms caused the darkening and withering of the leaves (incidence of 10 %). White mycelial mats containing sclerotia of 2 to 8 mm in diameter were evident on the base of the wilted plants and the nearby soil surface. Pieces of symptomatic stem tissues were surface-disinfested in ethanol 70% for 1 min, sodium hypochlorite (2 g Cl/L) for 1 min, washed with distilled water for 1 min, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. The plates were incubated in the dark for 5 days at 23°C and individual colonies were transferred to new plates of PDA to obtain pure cultures. The colonies developed white cottony mycelium, and a ring of large black sclerotia at the periphery of the plates. No teleomorph was observed. Based on the morphology of the colony, sclerotia, and microscopic observations, the pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Mordue and Holliday 1976). A representative isolate was deposited in the Entomopathogenic Fungal Culture Collection of Argentina, CEPAVE as CEP 785. Genomic DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The resulting sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MT177216) and the BLASTn search showed 100 % of identity with those of S. sclerotiorum (ex. MG931017, KX781301). The pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by placing plugs of 10 mm2 obtained from a 7-day-old culture grown on PDA,on the stem bases of 12 healthy potted calibrachoas 2 months old. Those segments were wrapped with moistened sterilized cotton (Choi et al. 2017). Four plants with sterile PDA plugs served as controls. Each plant was placed inside a polyethylene bag, and all of them were kept in a growth chamber at 20°C. All the inoculated plants had their leaves discolored after five days, and wilted after thirteen days. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was consistently re-isolated from rotten stem bases, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Control plants did not develop symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing basal rot on Calibrachoa hybrida (Farr and Rossman 2020) in Argentina, and in the world.
Calibrachoa hybrida (calibrachoa, million bells) is a flowering ornamental with increasing importance due to the existence of many successful cultivars for growing indoors in containers and planting in the garden and landscape. The outstanding characteristic is a profuse flowering and intense colour. In October 2019, a fungal isolate was obtained from basal calibrachoa leaves with irregular brown leaf spots, in plants cultivated in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The aim of the present study was to identify the cause of the disease in this ornamental genus, to expand knowledge about prevalent pathologies. The isolate was identified using morphological and molecular markers, and the pathogenicity tests were fulfilled. This paper reports that Nigrospora oryzae is pathogenic to calibrachoa, which seems to be the first record of this leaf spot disease in the world.
Althaea rosea L. tiene escasa difusión en Buenos Aires a pesar de su valor decorativo. Partiendo de semillas de plantas a silvestradas y después de tres ciclos de selección, se logró germoplasma con buen comportamiento en macetas. Con la finalidad de difundir A. rosea, se encaró un ensayo en macetas cuyo objetivo fue estimar el efecto del foto período sobre la calidad comercial del germoplasma elite obtenido. Las plantas que recibieron 16 h de luz mostraron menor número de días hasta la aparición del primer pimpollo que aquellas que recibieron luz natural. Este resultado es interesante, pues indica que las primeras podrían llegar anticipadamente a la venta. También se hallaron diferencias para área y longitud de pétalo a favor de las plantas con 16 h de foto período, las que mostraron flores de mayor tamaño y pétalos más anchos que tendieron a solaparse al compararlas con lo observado en las flores de plantas que recibieron luz natural. Las plantas tratadas con foto período largo exhibieron menores coeficientes de variación para los caracteres medidos, lo que permite concluir que la suplementación con luz es una herramienta efectiva para concentrar la operación de venta y para aumentar la calidad de plantas de A. rosea en macetas.
Verbena bonariensis es una especie autóctona que por la persistencia de la inflorescencia sería apta como planta de flor para maceta. Con el objetivo de lograr plantas bajas y de buena arquitectura, se probaron los reguladores de crecimiento (BAP-citoquinina y cycocel) y el corte de los ápices o pinzado. Durante el ensayo se midió la longitud del tallo principal, se contó el número de días a floración (DAF), de nudos, de ramificaciones surgidas de la base y de ramificaciones totales. También se contó el número de inflorescencias totales surgidas de brotes axilares y de yemas brotadas en el tallo principal. Cada planta se consideró una repetición y se contó con 10 repeticiones para cada tratamiento. En las plantas pinzadas, DAF y el número de inflorescencias totales y axilares fue menor y el número de ramificaciones basales al inicio de la floración fue mayor. El pinzado produjo plantas de mal aspecto y de escasa calidad ya que los tallos no ocuparon el centro de la planta. La BAP no favoreció el brotado lateral y el cycocel no originó plantas de menor altura que los otros tratamientos. Ninguna de las alternativas culturales elegidas fue efectiva para lograr el objetivo.
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