To observe the frequency of smoking in female medical students and to determine the associated factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire from female students at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences. Period: February 2015 to August 2015. Methods: Information about demographic characteristics, smoking status in family members, number of cigarettes smoked per day, influence for starting smoking and use of sheesha and hash was obtained. Results: A total of 100 female students were asked to fill the questionnaires. Response rate was 60%, out of which, 52.6 % (31/60) were smokers and 48.4% were non-smokers.6 out of 31 were hash smokers and 20 out of 60 were cigarette smokers, remaining were sheesha smokers. Majority of these females started smoking after 18 years of age, with greatest influence being life style and peer pressure. Our results show substantial trend of smoking in female medical students. Majority have smokers in their families but their families were not aware of their smoking habit. Even though almost everyone was aware of the associated risks, 24% never tried to quit. Most of the students spent Rs 1500 to 3000 per month on smoking. Article Citation: Hassan U, Haq MI, Qadeer AA, Rahim K, Naiyar I. Smoking; frequency and associated factors in female medical students. Professional Med J 2016;23(11):1382-1389.

Introduction Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication following ERCP. In 2010, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy delivered Guidelines on the Prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). 1 These included Grade A recommendations advising the use of prophylactic pancreatic stents and NSAIDs in high-risk cases. The aim of this study was to capture the current practise of UK biliary endoscopists in the prevention of PEP. Methods In Summer 2012 an anonymous online 15-item survey was e-mailed to 373 UK Consultant Gastroenterologists, GI Surgeons and Radiologists identified to perform ERCP. Results The response rate was 59.5% (222/373). Of respondents 52.5% considered ever using prophylactic pancreatic stents (PPS) for the prevention of PEP. Those who used PPS always attempted to do so for the following procedural risk factors; pancreatic sphincterotomy (48.9%), suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (46.5%), pancreatic duct instrumentation (35.9%), previous PEP (25.2%), precut sphincterotomy (8.5%) and pancreatic duct injection (7.8%). The decision to use prophylactic NSAIDs was significantly associated with attempts at PPS placement (p < 0.001).The stent characteristics, follow-up methods and timing varied significantly. Of those who did not use PPS 64.1% cited a lack of conviction in their benefit as the main reason for their decision. Self-reported pharmacological use rates for PEP prevention were: NSAIDS (34.6%), Antibiotics (20.6%), Rapid IV Fluids (13.2%) and Octreotide (1.6%). Only 6% of respondents routinely measured amylase post-ERCP. Conclusion Despite strong evidence-based guidelines for prevention of PEP less than 53% of ERCP practitioners either consider using pancreatic stenting or NSAIDs. This suggests a need for the development of BSG guidelines to increase awareness in the UK. Even amongst stent users PPS are being underused for most high risk cases. Pharmacological measures were rarely used for PEP prophylaxis. Routine post-ERCP serum amylase measurement was rare even in day case procedures.

Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiology of peptic ulcer perforation in Armed Forces and further management / outcome of the patients. Methods: Data of 36 patients with perforated peptic ulcer collected. This data was analyzed on SPSS 13. Period and Setting: CMH Rawalpindi from Jan 1979 to July 1981, Jan 1985 to Dec 1987 and Jan 2001 to Dec 2003. Results: Out of 36 patients 35 were male and only one was female. Twenty four (67%) were between 31-50 years. No past history was taken from eight (22%) patients. Thirty four (94%) patients presented with duodenal perforation. Twenty patients (55%) had rigidity all over abdomen and peristalsis were present in ten (28%) patients who reported within twelve hours. Seventy eight (78%) were diagnosed by history and simple radiological examination. All the patients were treated by laparotomy (simple closure with omental patch). Post operative complications occur in ten (28%) patients and mortality rate was 8%. Conclusion: Predominantly the peptic ulcer perforation occurs between 30-50 years of age. The incidence reduces with succeeding years of study. Post operative complications were less in younger age group .Early diagnosis can be made easily by taking good history and performing simple radiological examination.

To observe the frequency of smoking in female medical students and to determinethe associated factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Data was collectedthrough a self-administered questionnaire from female students at Rawal Institute of HealthSciences. Period: February 2015 to August 2015. Methods: Information about demographiccharacteristics, smoking status in family members, number of cigarettes smoked per day,influence for starting smoking and use of sheesha and hash was obtained. Results: A total of100 female students were asked to fill the questionnaires. Response rate was 60%, out of which,52.6 % (31/60) were smokers and 48.4% were non-smokers.6 out of 31 were hash smokersand 20 out of 60 were cigarette smokers, remaining were sheesha smokers. Majority of thesefemales started smoking after 18 years of age, with greatest influence being life style and peerpressure. Our results show substantial trend of smoking in female medical students. Majorityhave smokers in their families but their families were not aware of their smoking habit. Eventhough almost everyone was aware of the associated risks, 24% never tried to quit. Most of thestudents spent Rs 1500 to 3000 per month on smoking.