PurposeTo determine the effect of corneal cross-linking (CXL) on retinal structure and function.MethodsThe current study was conducted on 42 eyes of 21 patients with keratoconus (KCN) who were candidates for CXL due to disease progression. The Optovue optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Optovue Inc., Fremont, USA) from macula and multifocal electroretinography (mERG) were performed on all patients prior to surgery and at 1- and 6- month follow-up. Structural and functional parameters of macula including retinal thickness in OCT, and amplitude and latency of electroretinogram were compared between eyes that underwent surgery and control fellow eyes during the study period.ResultsA statistically significant increase in central foveal, foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal thickness was observed at 1-month follow-up. The changes were non-significant at 6 months. Although a statistically significant reduction in amplitude and increase in latency in both rings 2 and 3 were observed at 1 month in mERG, only amplitude changes in ring 2 remained significant at 6 months.ConclusionTransient anatomical and functional alterations following CXL were observed in the current study.

Introduction: Poisoning is a major public health problem and one of the most common causes of child mortality, particularly in developing countries. Incidences of poisoning are variable according to the cultural and economic characteristics of particular communities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze cases of poisoning in children under 6 years of age underwent hospitalization in a health center of Rasht. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a case-control study. The study included 2160 cases of hospitalized children under 6 years old. The study duration was 4 months. There were 2 groups, 70 children hospitalized because of poisoning (case group) and a control group of 105 people (1.5 times that of the case group) that consisted of children under 6 years of age and , non-hospitalized. Information gathered by questionnaire included; demographic information on individuals and families, as well as method of poisoning and the child's condition after hospitalization. Information was collected from interviews and medical records. Data were analyzed after collection using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, means and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square tests, t-test). Results: The findings showed that most children (51.4 %) were between the ages of 1-3 years. Of the total sample 64.3 % were boys and 35.7 % were girls. In 80% of cases, poisoning was accidental and 97.1% were gastrointestinal in nature. In 51.4% cases, the cause was poisoning from medicine; 36.1% of cases were caused by methadone and in 17.1% of cases incidents had occurred in the kitchen. There was significant difference in both case and control groups in terms of father's level of education (P = 0.012) and mother's job (P = 0.025). Conclusion: Results showed that the most common cause of poisoning in children aged 1-3 was from pharmaceutical drugs; determined by the side effects of poisoning. A low rate of parental awareness was considered to have contributed to these cases of poisoning so parental awareness was determined as significantly important for improving childcare in the study region.

Background and Aim:Since mental skills of nurses are effective on the quality of their activities, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the mental skills of physical examinations of children by nurses and related agents at the Children's Medical Education Center in Rasht. Methods: The current cross sectional study was performed on 127 female nurses working in pediatric wards of the 17 th Shahrivar hospital in Rasht in 2018 by enumeration sampling method. A valid and reliable questionnaire comprised of two sections of demographic information and information for physical examination of children was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software v.21. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The highest number of nurses (71.7%) had a moderate mental skills. There were a significant relationship between the mean of mental skills with the service ward (p <0.001), interest Mirhoseini et al.; JPRI, 28(1): 1-8, 2019; Article no.JPRI.49508 2 in the current service ward (p = 0.031), and the history of retraining related to health status assessment (p = 0.034). While, there were not a significant relationship between the mean of mental skills with age (p = 0.847), total score at graduation date (p = 0.052), marital status (p = 0.812), number of children (p = 0.501), educational status (p = 0.797), employment status (p = 0.505), classification of clinical experience (p = 0.644), classification of work experience in the current ward (p = 0.127), shift work (p = 0.443), the degree of interest in the current field and job (p = 0.439). Original Research Article Conclusion:The results of this study indicated that the nurses had moderate mental skills, which the mean of mental skills were related to the total score at the date of graduation, the name of the service ward, the level of interest in the current ward and the history of retraining related to health status assessment. Therefore, considering the factors affecting the mental skills, this skill can be increased, which should be considered in future researches.

Introduction: In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature to determine whether or not there was a correlation between lens density as measured by the Pentacam Scheimpflug System and grading score as determined by the Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III in patients with age-related nuclear cataract. Methods: From 1990 to 2022, a systematic search was conducted in Medline (Ovid, PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and The Cochrane Library. Meta-analysis was performed for all observational studies that met the inclusion criteria. To assess the quality of cross-sectional and prospective studies, the JBI Checklist was used. To calculate the effect size for nuclear color (NC) and nuclear opalescence (NO), we used R programming software. In addition, we used Influence analysis to identify outliers and created forest plots with and without the detected outliers. Results: Among eight studies included in this systematic review, 965 patients with 1102 eyes were assessed with a mean age of 66.23 old years. The nuclear color and density were assessed in 4 and 6 studies, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of the effect size was 0.72 with a 95% confidence interval (0.68, 0.76) for nuclear color, and the OR of the effect size was 0.94 with a 95% confidence interval (0.94, 0.95) for nuclear density both statistically significant. Conclusion: The Pentacam technique allowed for quantitative cataract grading and may aid in phacodynamics prediction during cataract surgery. The method is useful for detecting cataracts in patients and has broad potential in the field of health examination.