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Objective: To evaluate the Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)for primary evaluation of ovarian masses. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted for period of two years at DHQ hospital Jhang. Study consisted of 141 female patients admitted for surgical exploration of ovarian masses. Pre-operative ultrasound evaluation of ovarian mass, menopausal status and CA125 were carried out for the patients. Based upon these finding RMI was calculated for all the patients. Post-operative histopathology of resected ovarian mass was done in all the cases to confirm the diagnosis. Results: sensitivity and specificity of CA125 alone at cut off value of 35 was 67.64 %, 83.17% respectively. Using RMI at cut off value of 200 sensitivity and specificity was 76.47%, 85.98 % respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)revealed that RMI was a better discriminate than CA125, ultrasound and menopausal status alone. Practical implication: We can easily apply this tool for detection of ovarian masses. Conclusion: Risk of malignancy index (RMI) is useful tool in primary evaluation of ovarian masses. It can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian masses with high sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: Risk, Cancer, Malignancy, Benign

Objective: To evaluate the Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)for primary evaluation of ovarian masses. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted for period of two years at DHQ hospital Jhang. Study consisted of 141 female patients admitted for surgical exploration of ovarian masses. Pre-operative ultrasound evaluation of ovarian mass, menopausal status and CA125 were carried out for the patients. Based upon these finding RMI was calculated for all the patients. Post-operative histopathology of resected ovarian mass was done in all the cases to confirm the diagnosis. Results: sensitivity and specificity of CA125 alone at cut off value of 35 was 67.64 %, 83.17% respectively. Using RMI at cut off value of 200 sensitivity and specificity was 76.47%, 85.98 % respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)revealed that RMI was a better discriminate than CA125, ultrasound and menopausal status alone. Conclusion: Risk of malignancy index (RMI) is useful tool in primary evaluation of ovarian masses. It can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian masses with high sensitivity and specificity.

A study was carried out to assess the physicochemical profile of one of the sewage treatment plants in the Habak region of Srinagar city. The water samples from the inlet and outlet of the plant were analyzed for various limnological parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium hardness, orthophosphate etc. The average water temperature recorded at the outlet and inlet ranged between 16.56 to 18.03oC, free carbon dioxide between 50.06 to 78.03 mg/l, alkalinity between 328 to 389 mg/l, calcium hardness between 83.41 to 85.12 mg/l, magnesium hardness between 614.58 to 783.53 mg/l, orthophosphate between 503.56 to 650μg/l respectively. The dissolved oxygen content at the inlet was found to be zero during all times in the study while the average value at the outlet was found to be 5.2 mg/l. All the parameters were found to be non-significant except for water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and total hardness.

Introduction:Urinary Incontinence (UI)the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine-is common in women that increases with age and may decrease quality of life Objective:The main objective of the study is to find the urinary incontinence (UI) and related quality of life among elderly men.Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Urology Poonch Medical College Rawalakot Azad KashmirDuring May to September 2021. The study included 109 elderly patients aged 65 years and older. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and the study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of our institution. The patients were assessed sequentially based on their presentation to the physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinic Results: The study included 109 elderly patients and mean age of patients was 73.98 ± 7.88 years. Of the study group, 40.4% had UI and 59.6% did not have UI. The difference between the two groups with respect to mean age was not statistically significant (p = 0.093). Practical implication: UI is coomon among older men so this study will helps us to improve the quality of life. Conclusion: It is concluded that UI is common among older men and is associated with worse QoL. Health care professionals should discuss UI with older men. Keywords: Quality of life, UI, Health care, WHO, Individuals, Population,