An enzyme-responsive FRET nanoprobe was designed and developed based on AIE-driven fluorescent polysaccharide polymersomes to study the real-time delivery aspects in the intracellular compartments in live cancer cells.

We report self-reporting fluorescent polysaccharide polymersome nanoassemblies for enzyme-responsive intracellular delivery of two clinical anticancer drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin to study the real-time drug-releasing aspects by fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) bioimaging in live cancer cells. Fluorescent polymersomes were tailor-made by tagging an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) optical chromophore, tetraphenylethylene (TPE), and a plant-based vesicular directing hydrophobic unit through enzyme-biodegradable aliphatic ester chemical linkages in the polysaccharide dextran. The blue-luminescent polymersome self-assembled in water and exhibited excellent encapsulation capability for the red-luminescent anticancer drug DOX. FRET between the AIE polymersome host and DOX guest molecules resulted in a completely turn-off probe. At the intracellular level, the lysosomal enzymatic disassembly of the polymersome restored the dual fluorescent signals from DOX and TPE at the nucleus and the lysosomes, respectively. Live-cell confocal microscopy coupled with selective photoexcitation was employed to study the real-time polymersome disassembly by monitoring the turn-on fluorescent signals in human breast cancer cell lines. Alternatively, carboxylic acid-functionalized AIE polymersomes were also tailor-made for cisplatin stitching to directly monitor Pt drug delivery. The polymersome nanoassemblies exhibited excellent structural tolerance for the chemical conjugation of the Pt drugs, and the fluorescence signals were unaltered. An in vitro drug release study confirmed that the cisplatin-stitched fluorescent polymersomes were very stable under physiological conditions and underwent lysosomal enzymatic degradation to inhibit the cancer cell growth. A lysosomal colocalization experiment using confocal microscopy substantiates the enzyme-responsive degradation of these polymersomes to release both the encapsulated and conjugated drugs at the intracellular level. The present design provides a unique opportunity to deliver more than one anticancer drug from a single polymersome platform in cancer research.

Development of stable blue-emitting materials has always been a challenging task because of the necessity of high crystal quality and good optical properties. We have developed a highly efficient blue-emitter,...