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Background: Enhancement in the lifespan of human beings in developed and developing countries has resulted in proportionate increase in the number of patients suffering from senile age-associated dementia. Memory impairment during aging is believed to be a consequence of decline in neuronal function and increase in neurodegeneration. Impaired neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses may contribute to the devastating loss of cognitive abilities in Alzheirmer's disease. It is suggested that a selective decrease in acetylcholine level may account for deterioration in learning and memory process, considering the important role for cognitive functions. Nootropic agents like piracetam and anticholinesterase inhibitors are commonly used for improving memory, mood and behaviours. Objective: Menthol, a natural alcohol and found in mint leaves and many essential oils. The present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of menthol on cognitive functions employing long term exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral model in young and aged male mice. to evaluate learning and memory, Menthol Materials and methods: (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, s.c.) and Piracetam (200mg/kg, i.p.) were administered for 10 days passive avoidance and 11 days for morris water maze test.Brain amino acid level was measured after 10 days of passive avoidance. Whole brain acetylcholinesterase level and antioxidant level estimations were done after 11 days of morris water maze test. Results and conclusion: Lower dose of menthol produced significant improvement in spatial learning and memory by improving whole brain acetylcholine level, antioxidant level and brain amino acid in scopolamine and aged group of mice.

Objective: This study was intended to improve diabetes care among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with premixed insulin analogue and human premixed insulin therapy. To evaluate safety and efficacy of premixed insulin add-on to metformin and sulphonylurea in routine clinical practice.This was a 26 week, multiMaterial and methods: centre, parallel group, and open label study in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patients were treated at various diabetes clinic and referral clinics in Gujarat India. The data included demographic characteristics, medical history, and the treatment regimens were collected during their routine clinical visit.: Out of 226 patients; 177 patients were Results completed the study, of which 103 (58.2%) were male and 74 (41.8%) were female. The mean±SD; A1C% was 10.04 ± 1.68; age was 60.61 ± 6.96 years; duration of diabetes mellitus was 5.12 ± 3.16 years at baseline. Combination of premixed insulin analogue was significantly achieved % reduction at target of <7% A1C as compared to human premixed insulin. Premixed insulin analogue significantly reduced A1C, FBG, PPBG as compared to the dual and triple combination of human premixed insulin. Premixed insulin analogue group showed very less hypoglycemic events during the study period compared to other insulin group.: Premixed insulin analogue lowers A1C to Conclusion a greater degree and minimize the risk of hypoglycemic events in T2DM patients compared to human insulin even though poor glycemic control. Patient and physician continuous education on drug therapy will leads to achieve adequate glycemic control.