The nomograms that have been developed can be used to predict the probability of recurrence and progression of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

Aim To date, the optimal sequencing of life‐prolonging therapies for patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains unclear owing to a lack of prospective trials. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cabazitaxel (CBZ) treatment and examine the prognostic factors for oncological outcomes in patients with mCRPC who received CBZ after docetaxel (DOC). Methods This multi‐institutional retrospective study included 44 patients with mCRPC who received CBZ. All enrolled patients had histologically confirmed prostate cancer (PCa) with distant metastases and had received DOC before CBZ administration. The primary endpoint was the oncological outcomes, including the overall (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints were adverse events due to CBZ and rates of ≥30% reduction in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels. Results The median follow‐up period was 9.2 months (range, 0.2–34 months). During this time, 34 patients (77%) died of PCa. The median OS and PFS were 12.2 (range, 0.2–34 months) and 1.4 months (range, 0.4–17 months), respectively. According to the PSA decline rate, patients who achieved a ≥30% reduction in PSA levels had significantly longer OS than those who showed a <30% reduction in PSA levels (P = 0.002). Regarding the number of cycles of CBZ, patients who received ≥4 cycles of CBZ showed significantly longer OS than those who received <4 cycles of CBZ (P < 0.001). Patients who had visceral metastasis showed significantly shorter OS than those without visceral metastasis (P = 0.012). Conclusion This study demonstrated that CBZ was effective and safe in Japanese local patients in a real‐world setting. Patients with mCRPC who received ≥4 cycles of CBZ showed a ≥30% reduction in the serum PSA levels, and did not have visceral metastasis might achieve longer OS.

Pelvic lymphoceles are an infrequent complication after pelvic surgery and develop shortly after the surgery in most cases. We experienced a case of delayed infection of a lymphocele 6 months after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and pelvic lymphadenectomy. In this case, antimicrobial chemotherapy and percutaneous drainage were effective, and there was no recurrence of the disease. Most urologists do not recognize that infected lymphoceles can develop a long time after surgery; thus, infected lymphoceles should be kept in mind in patients with nonspecific infectious symptoms, regardless of the length of time after surgery.

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Background. Docetaxel (DOC) was the first regimen that increased the survival and became the standard-of-care in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, it is unclear whether switching to second-line chemotherapy or optimal sequencing of cabazitaxel (CBZ) ensures better clinical outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sequential therapy with DOC and CBZ and the effect of the number of prior DOC cycles on oncological outcomes in patients with mCRPC. Methods. We retrospectively included 46 mCRPC patients who received DOC followed by CBZ at quaternary hospitals in Japan between February 2015 and March 2019. Participants received intravenous DOC (40–75 mg/m2) every 3–4 weeks; CBZ (15–25 mg/m2) was administered every 3–4 weeks. Androgen-deprivation therapy and prednisolone 5 mg (twice daily) were administered throughout both regimens. The primary endpoints were overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints were the rates of ≥30% and ≥50% reduction in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at chemotherapy initiation. Results. Participants were divided into two groups according to DOC cycles (Groups A and B: ≤6 and ≥7 DOC cycles, respectively). The rates of ≥30% and ≥50% reduction in PSA levels were higher in Group B than in Group A, but there were no significant differences in both groups. Median OS in Groups A and B was 12.7 and 71.0 months, respectively P < 0.001 ; median PFS in Groups A and B was 3 and 12 months, respectively P < 0.001 . Conclusions. Administration of ≥7 cycles of DOC followed by CBZ may improve oncological outcomes in patients with mCRPC.