21The geological and morphological evolution of the Kalahari Basin of Southern Africa has 22 given rise to a complex hydrogeological regime that is affected by water quality issues. 23Among these concerns is the occurrence of saline groundwater. Airborne and ground-based 24 electromagnetic surveying is an efficient tool for mapping groundwater quality variations and 25 has been used extensively to explore the Kalahari sediments, e.g., in Botswana and Namibia. 26 Recently, airborne-and ground-based mapping of groundwater salinity was conducted in the 27 Machile-Zambezi Basin, southwestern Zambia, using the versatile time-domain 28 electromagnetic system and WalkTEM system, respectively, incorporating earlier ground-29 based ProTEM 47D measurements. The data were inverted using the laterally constrained

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