No abstract

A building energy performance gap can be illustrated as the difference between the theoretical (methodologically defined) and the actual energy consumption. In EU countries, Energy Performance Certificates are issued when buildings are constructed, sold, or leased. This information is the first step in order to evaluate the energy performance of the building stock. In Serbia, when issuing an energy certificate, the adopted national methodology recognizes only energy consumption for heating. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy gap and estimate the relevance of an Energy Performance Certificate to meet the national energy efficiency or carbon target. An Energy Performance Certificate determines the theoretical residential and commercial building energy efficiency or its “design intent”. This research stresses the necessity of measuring and achieving reductions in actual energy consumption through system regulation and consumers’ self-awareness in buildings. The research compares the performance of the building stock (135) that is connected to the District Heating System (DHS), with its own integrated heat meter, to Individual Gas Boiler (IGB) systems (18), in the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, built after 2014. For the purpose of comparing energy consumption, 16 buildings were selected that are very similar in terms of design, operation, and location. The data used are derived from metered consumption data, official evidence of city service companies, and Energy Performance Certificates of the considered buildings. We have determined that IGB systems have a much wider specific annual performance gap (11.19–101 kWh/m2a) than the buildings in the DHS (3.16–18.58 kWh/m2a).

This paper deals with an analysis of a two-dimensional viscous fluid flow between the two parallel plates inclined with respect to the horizontal plane, where the lower plate is heated and the upper one is cooled. The temperature difference between the plates is gradually increased during a certain time period after which it is temporarily constant. The temperature distribution on the lower plate is not constant in x-direction, there is a longitudinal sinusoidal temperature variation imposed on the mean temperature. We have investigated the wave number and amplitude influence of this variation on the subcritical stability and the onset of the Rayleigh-Bénard convective cells, by direct numerical simulation of 2D Navier-Stokes and energy equation.

In this paper a new method for burned mass fraction - pressure relation, x-p relation, for two-zone model combustion calculation is developed. The main application of the two-zone model is obtaining laminar burning velocity, SL, by using a pressure history from a closed vessel combustion experiment. The linear x-p relation by Lewis and Von Elbe is still widely used. For linear x-p relation, the end pressure is necessary as input data for the description of the combustion process. In this paper a new x-p relation is presented on the basis of mass and energy conservation during the combustion. In order to correctly represent pressure evolution, the model proposed in this paper needs several input parameters. They were obtained from different sources, like the PREMIX software (with GRIMECH 3.0 mechanism) and GASEQ software, as well as thermodynamic tables. The error analysis is presented in regard to the input parameters. The proposed model is validated against the experiment by Dahoe and Goey, and compared with linear x-p relation from Lewis and Von Elbe. The proposed two zone model shows sufficient accuracy when describing the combustion process in a closed vessel without knowing the end pressure in advance, i.e. both peak pressure and combustion rates can be sufficiently correctly captured

Abstract. Obtaining all acceptable locations is one of the main tasks