In order to reach the required standard, an effort has been made to cover all facets of the flower business in this paper, including the current environment and potential future developments. The sale and price of various flowers, including gladioli, cut roses, tuberose, gruss an teplitz, and marigolds, are presented in this study as well as the current state of the Saggian flower market. This article makes it easier for people to decide whether to launch a flower business in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the flower industry has grown significantly since previous years, however this growth is insufficient to meet customer demand. Compared to the winter season, production drops throughout the summer. This article provides a summary of the annual sales and projected rates of various flowers in the Saggian Flower Market.

Cotton is very important crop regarding the global trade. It is grown for its fiber and edible oil in Pakistan. It contributes 1.5 percent to GDP and 69 percent in foreign exchange. There is need to enhance the yield per unit area of cotton by developing high yielding and stress tolerant varieties. In breeding program the parents and their crosses are selected on the basis of their combining ability. Combining ability analysis is performed to identify the general and specific combiner for yield attributed traits. This research was performed for evaluation of four lines as female parents (C-1, CIM-616, TIPO-1 and CYTO-608) and three testers as male parents (NIAB-1048, CYTO-124 and CIM-600) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The traits such as plant height, first fruiting node, seed cotton yield, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, ginning out turn percentage, number of bolls per plant, height to node ratio and cotton seed yield was tested. The general combining ability of parental lines and specific combining ability of the F1 cross will be determined for yield related traits. The genotypes with good general combining ability and specific combining ability further exploited for hybrid/variety development programs. For most of the traits like number of monopods per plant, boll weight per plant, seed cotton yield, number of nodes per plant, 1st fruiting node, intermodal distance, ginning out turn percentage, cotton seed yield, seed index, plant height, fiber strength, fiber length, fiber uniformity and fiber fineness value had more value for dominance variance. The higher effects of GCA and SCA indicated that there is the role of additive and non-additive gene action for inheritance of traits.

Cotton is Pakistan's most important fiber crop and the country's economic lifeline. It is an important agricultural commodity in Pakistan, providing a source of income for farmers as well as raw materials for the textile industry. Farmers and the textile industry are also looking for ways to improve fiber quality and increase seed cotton production. Given the low yield pattern and growing demand of the textile industry, the breeding programs need to be planned as a breeder to increase cotton production in the region. Knowledge about inheritance mechanisms, heterosis, and the ability of different characters to combine is crucial for this reason. The most challenging task for plant breeders in any hybridization program is finding the best combination of two (or more) parental genotypes to optimize variation within similar breeding populations, and therefore the possibility of detecting superior transgressive segregants in the segregating populations. After its introduction in 1942, the combining capacity has been commonly used in plant breeding to evaluate the performances of lines in hybrid combinations. Heterosis (also known as hybrid vigor) is a natural occurrence in which hybrid offspring of genetically diverse individuals have enhanced physical and functional characteristics compared to their ancestors. For nearly a century, heterosis has been increasingly used in crop development with the aim of producing more vigorous, higher yielding, and better performing cultivars. A short analysis of previous studies on cotton combining ability and heterotic effect estimation has been provided in this paper. This will strengthen our existing understanding of plant breeding's combining ability and heterosis, as well as recent research advances in this field.

Pakistan is the world's fifth-largest cotton producer. It is grown largely for fibre, and its oil is used as a vegetable oil and contributes  significantly to the local oil industry. Cottonseed oil meets 18.1% of Pakistan's edible oil needs. In 2030, there will be 5.5 million tonnes of total demand for this purpose, with 2 million tonnes of local supply. Bt cotton, which was introduced in 2010 to remove three harmful lepidopteran insects, currently accounts for more than 90% of all cotton grown in Pakistan. Pakistan offers a lot of potential for organic cotton cultivation, particularly in unconventional cotton-growing locations with low insect burdens. Climate change-induced high temperatures and water scarcity are a big worry because contemporary agriculture is practiced in areas that already experience very high temperatures. Phenotypic selection in breeding is ineffective in creating stress-tolerant cotton. Marker-assisted selection technologies have considerably increased the effectiveness of traditional breeding. Modern breeding techniques contributed to the development of novel cotton breeding strategies. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 and genome editing can establish a good foundation for improving resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Cotton is a long duration crop which effects the timely sowing of wheat in Pakistan. Information of various earliness and yield related traits are pre-requisite to develop early maturing and high yielding cotton cultivars. Therefore, the present research was conducted to determine the heterotic potential for six earliness and six yield related. For this purpose, 10 F1 hybrids were developed through crossing between nine upland cotton cultivars. These hybrids along with their parental lines were sown in the field conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the hybrids showed significant differences for observed traits. The maximum recorded values of heterosis for earliness index and seed cotton yield were 66.05% and 70.39%, respectively. Hybrid VH-289 × AGC-501 showed maximum significant heterosis (66.05%), heterobeltiosis (50.43%) and standard heterosis (32.52%) for earliness index was due to the negative heterosis in days to flowering, days to first boll opening, node number for first fruiting branch and height of first fruiting branch. Hybrid ARK-3 × AGC-501 showed maximum significant heterosis (70.39%), heterobeltiosis (28.52%) and standard heterosis (72.01%) for seed cotton yield was due to the positive heterosis showed by its yield contributing traits. This study can be used for breeding program to develop early maturing and high yielding varieties.