Local cattle breeds are popular in Myanmar because they make excellent draught animals, so it is of fundamental importance that their genetic diversities and population structures are elucidated for breeding and conservation purposes. In this study, we characterized the genetic diversities and population structures of four popular Myanmar local cattle breeds and five native cattle populations from neighboring countries (Bangladesh, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam) using the GGP Bovine 50K array. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity estimates using pruned datasets ranged from 0.317 and 0.322, respectively, in Cambodia to 0.448 and 0.421, respectively, in Vietnam South. The four Myanmar local breeds exhibited similar levels of genetic diversity. However, AMOVA revealed significant genetic differentiation among the nine populations (p < 0.00001), and Neighbor‐Net analysis showed that Shan Ngwar Pu was distinct from the other Myanmar local breeds. Furthermore, PCA and population structure analyses revealed that the native cattle from neighboring countries genetically influenced the Myanmar local breeds to some extent and that the genetic origins could also be observed in the local breeds. These findings highlight the importance of Myanmar local breeds as genetic resources and provide useful information for the future development of breeding strategies and conservation management plans.

D-loop Analysis in Myanmar cattle INTRODUCTION Cattle are one of the most economically important livestock in Myanmar. In 2016, Myanmar owned 16.6 million head of cattle (about 1.1% of world cattle population), based on the FAOSTAT database (http://www. fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA), and was among the top twenty countries rearing cattle head. Historically, cattle in Myanmar were used as a source of power in agriculture, for ploughing the fertile fields of the country' s river valleys. Native cattle are the main source of animal power for cultivation (U Khin Win 1991). Myanmar native cattle are the zebu type (Bos indicus) and adapted to the harsh native environment, resistant to tropical diseases and external parasites, and can sustain with low-quality roughages and grasses. Based on them, several local breeds, such as

Myanmar indigenous chickens play important roles in food, entertainment, and farm business for the people of Myanmar. In this study, complete mitochondrial D‐loop sequences (1232 bp) were analyzed using 176 chickens, including three indigenous breeds, two fighting cock populations, and three indigenous populations to elucidate genetic diversity and accomplish a phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.948 ± 0.009 and 0.00814 ± 0.00024, respectively, exhibiting high genetic diversity of Myanmar indigenous chickens. Sixty‐four haplotypes were classified as seven haplogroups, with the majority being haplogroup F. The breeds and populations except Inbinwa had multiple maternal haplogroups, suggesting that they experienced no recent purifying selection and bottleneck events. All breeds and populations examined shared haplogroup F. When 232 sequences belonging to haplogroup F (79 from Myanmar and 153 deposited sequences from other Asian countries/region) were analyzed together, the highest genetic diversity was observed in Myanmar indigenous chickens. Furthermore, Myanmar indigenous chickens and red junglefowls were observed in the center of the star‐like median‐joining network of 37 F‐haplotypes, suggesting that Myanmar is one of the origins of haplogroup F. These findings revealed the unique genetic characteristic of Myanmar indigenous chickens as important genetic resources.

In the present study, we developed indel markers in domestic cattle. We selected each one indel of 29 autosomes in the dbSNP database and genotyped 29 indels using 16 individuals from Bos taurus and Bos indicus. PCR amplification and polymorphism were observed in 26 indel markers. Out of the 26 indel markers, we genotyped polymorphic 8 indels with clear band detected by agarose gel in 11 cattle populations (4 Bos indicus populations : native cattle in Cambodia, Bangladesh, Laos and Bhutan. 7 Bos taurus populations : native cattle in Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and cattle breeds of Hanwoo, Japanese Black, Japanese Holstein, Angus and Hereford) and investigated genetic structure, relationships and diversity in 11 cattle populations. Genetic index of average gene diversity over loci showed higher genetic diversity in Mongolian (0.337) and Kazakhstani (0.379) native cattle than the other populations. Bos indicus populations (0.172-0.241) and Japanese Black (0.217) indicated relatively low genetic diversity. UPGMA-tree and the PC1 (58.3%) of principal component analysis clearly distinguished between Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations. In the STRUCTURE analysis, the maximum likelihood estimation is shown at K ＝ 4. In addition, at K ≧ 4, Mongolian and Kazakhstani native cattle showed genetic admixture derived from multi-ancestors. These two countries are located in Eurasian Steps with Silk Road and Step Road, suggesting genetic exchange between cattle populations through trade routes. In conclusion, a set of 8 indel markers revealed well genetic structure and relationships based on breed histories and geographical locations. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 89 (3), 313-321, 2018

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