Background The emergence of a new pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a unique challenge for public health (all age and sex groups). Objective This study aimed to explore the adolescents’ perceptions of preventive behaviors to avoid COVID-19 disease based on the health belief model (HBM). Method This cross-sectional study was conducted on 797adolescents (aged between 12-18 years old), who were 7 th -12 th -grade students of 24 randomly selected schools from 28 th May to 28 th June 2020 in Isfahan, Iran. An online self-administered questionnaire was adapted to measure the adolescents’ perceived threats, barriers, benefits, self-efficacy, and cues to action toward protective behaviors. Results Findings indicated that the adolescents' mean age was 14.7 (SD=1.7) and 53.7% of them were female. Regardless of gender difference, there was a significant positive correlation between the adolescents’ protective behaviors and their self-efficacy (r=0.62, P<0.001), perceived benefit (r=29, P<0.001), and perceived severity (r=0.15, P<0.001), while there was a significant negative correlation between the adolescents’ protective behaviors and their perceived susceptibility (r=-0.11, P<0.001), as well as their perceived barrier (r=-0.21, P<0.001). The result of the Hierarchical regression analysis also revealed that the HBM model had a significant predictive power for preventing measures towards coronavirus disease in adolescents (Adj R 2 = 0.46, p<0.001). The results also showed that self-efficacy was the strongest predictor (β=0.59, P<0.001) in explaining protective behaviors in adolescents. Conclusion In the context of coronavirus disease pandemic in adolescents, the health belief model could provide a useful framework for planners to develop educational programs. Moreover, in such a context, strategies to promote self-efficacy in adolescents should be considered more carefully to help them improve their protective behaviors.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to show the effect of public health educational campaign regarding antibiotic use and microbial resistance on knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in Isfahan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in October 2019 on the public population in Isfahan (a city in the center of Iran). Simple random sampling was done in ten urban areas.). A total of 708 people participated in the study. For assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice a related researchers-made questionnaire was used in the present study. Finally, data were entered into SPSS (20) and analytical statistics including paired t -test were used. The statistical significance level was considered <0.05. RESULTS: The majority of participants in this study were female 434 (61.9%) and the rest of them were male. The mean ± standard deviation of age was 31.68 (11.11), range of 11–67. More than 50 present of participants had a Bachelor's degree (37.7%) and diploma (27.7%). Most individuals were self-employed 277 (43.1%). About the type of marriage, 54.89% were single and others were married. Results showed that the mean of knowledge and attitude was increased after the intervention ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Increase knowledge between people, adherence to treatment and minimizes healthcare costs, however, “antibiotics are misused so often because of the belief that these are benign drugs. In the absence of urgent corrective and protective actions, the world is heading towards a postantibiotic era, in which many common infections will no longer have a cure and once again, kill unabated.

Introduction: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dysphonia in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: English and Persian studies that reported dysphonia in patients with COVID-19 were included. Review and case report studies were excluded. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus from January 1, 2020, to July 15, 2021. The prevalence of dysphonia was obtained by combining the results and weighing the sample sizes in the corresponding studies. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran Q test and I2 Results: Of the 1830 articles identified, 7 studies (n=1410 patients) were included in the meta- analysis. The pooled prevalence of dysphonia was 31% (%95CI: 13%-48%). The prevalence rates of dysphonia in men and women with COVID-19 were 28.2% (%95CI: 14%-46%) and 32.8% (%95CI: 22%-45%), respectively. Conclusion: Because of the design of the included studies, the reliability of the results is limited. There was notable heterogeneity in the data, not because of publication bias, but rather the small sample sizes or the heterogeneity of the COVID-19 disease. About one-third of patients with COVID-19 may have dysphonia as the only symptom. Therefore, one should even be careful in approaching those who have only dysphonia.

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