Protecting users' privacy rights has become a great challenge during the age of technological advancement in areas of digital media and digital communication, such as the internet and e-commerce. Dissemination of personal data over networks has become quite easy, widespread, and uncontrollable. This has created various concerns for online consumers in regard to privacy breaches and made it quite difficult for current regulations and statutes to address data confidentiality violations in many national states. Therefore, the paper discusses one of the contemporary challenging issues: the challenge of new technology and e-commerce to the right to privacy. The aim of this paper is to investigate the implementation of the right to privacy and the effectiveness of the current USA legal system in governing online transactions by drawing on the various notions embedded in the concept of privacy in general and e-privacy in particular. The method adopted for the legal perspective is case studies, where the USA legal context will be explored.

Artificial intelligence has gained momentum in the recent past due to technological advancements. As a result, it has elicited an endless debate particularly in light of intellectual property laws. Artificial Intelligence is currently considered as an emerging issue. This make it as a challenging issue for the existing legal frameworks which are unable to govern and regulate it in a proper and effective way. KSA has put more effort and resources in streamlining the legal aspects to govern AI and related innovations. The current research aims to explore some of the potential difficulties encountered in patentability of AI inventions. It also aims to determine the legal challenges the researcher expect to emerge with the development of AI technology. The findings of this study indicate that KSA still finds a huge gap in terms of laws that governs AI generated innovations. This study is significant in the sense that it has pointed out some of the challenges experienced in enacting effective intellectual property laws to govern AI innovations.

This article deals with the protection of consumers when they enter e-commerce transactions with foreign companies. Most states reacted to the growing importance of e-commerce by enacting data protection and consumer protection legislation and by requiring registration of e-businesses. Companies have found a way to circumvent the consumer legislation by offering the consumers to agree to a choice of foreign courts and laws which are included in their terms and conditions. Consumers give away the protection of their home state simply by clicking to accept the general terms and conditions on the company’s website. The purpose of this article is to examine if the solutions and the experience from the United States and the European Union could serve as a model for transnational protection of consumers in e-commerce. The authors discuss the different levels of protection offered in the United States and the European Union and consider unification of the standards by a multilateral convention.

Background: There is no war without catastrophic impacts, not only on humans and states but also on the environment and nature. As with all wars, the question is raised as to whether an invasion or aggression is legitimate according to international law. This research aims to discuss an emerging issue at the international level, which is the responsibility of the aggressor state for the environmental damages incurred by the victim state. This paper discusses the possibility of establishing Russia’s responsibility for the environmental damages incurred in Ukraine. It will also shed light on the possible ways Ukraine may raise Russia’s responsibility, internationally speaking. The novelty of this study stems from its originality – it is the first on this topic in the field of international relations and international law. Methods: In this research, the author used a case study to provide an in-depth perspective on the responsibility of the invading state for the environmental damages caused to the victim state. Here, the author used a historical and statistical framework to shed light on the impacts of the Russian aggression against Ukraine on the environment. Moreover, analytical and structural methods were deployed to explain the methods by which Ukraine and the international community might establish Russian responsibility for the environmental damages caused by the invasion. To support the ideas discussed in this paper, the author uses legal texts, international conventions, and official reports issued from national and international institutions. Results and Conclusions: The author found that the Russian aggression against the Ukrainian territory has caused severe environmental damages, which cannot go unpunished. Although traditional international law may be insufficient to punish Russia, customary law, warfare law, and international environmental law include rules that may be used to raise the Russian responsibility for these damages.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development builds upon the Millennium Development Goals while at the same time reaffirming the conclusions of the leading instruments in the field of human rights and international law. The 17 integrated and indivisible sustainable development goals (SDGs) require innovation through digitalization and legal activities. Digitalization and new technologies are crucial for SDG 8, 9, and 16. SDG 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions directly focus on law. While SDG 16 does not directly mention it, digitalization is essential in achieving its specific targets. Examples include concepts of e-government (including data protection and public access to information), e-commerce, equal access to dispute resolution mechanisms in cyberspace, and enforcement of non-discriminatory laws for sustainable development. The right to a healthy and sustainable environment encompasses economic, social, and environmental aspects that SDGs capture. To achieve these goals, the 2030 Agenda relies on international law instruments. The right to a healthy and sustainable environment is developing towards an internationally recognized human right. As environmental goals do not recognize national borders, international law plays a key role. International environmental law should facilitate a broader application of existing clean technologies through the transfer of technology and examine the development of new technologies as to its compatibility with a sustainable environment. Moreover, the human right to share in scientific advancement and enjoy its benefits embodies equal access to technology. The legal enforcement of sustainable goals in the private and governmental sectors remains one of the main concerns of climate change.