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Non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (NWD) is an alternative fuel that has the potential to reduce major exhaust emissions while simultaneously improving the combustion performance of a diesel engine. NWD comprises of diesel fuel and water (about 5% in volume) without any additional surfactants. This emulsion fuel is produced through an in-line mixing system that is installed very close to the diesel engine. This study focuses mainly on the performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled with NWD made from different water sources. The engine used in this study is a direct injection diesel engine with loads varying from 1 to 4 kW. The result shows that NWD made from tap water helps the engine to reduce nitrogen oxide (NO) by 32%. Rainwater reduced it by 29% and seawater by 19%. In addition, all NWDs show significant improvements in engine performance as compared to diesel fuel, especially in the specific fuel consumption that indicates an average reduction of 6%. It is observed that all NWDs show compelling positive effects on engine performance, which is caused by the optimum water droplet size inside NWD.

Abstract. An experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with emulsion fuel was conducted in a diesel engine that equipped with a "Real Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System, RTES" under four different loads operations (1, 2, 3 and 4 kW). RTES is a mixing device that able to produces non-surfactant emulsion fuel which is one of the alternative ways to improve the exhaust emissions of diesel engine, especially Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM). As for the test fuel, neat diesel (D2) and tap water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) are tested as a comparison. Based on the experimental results, emulsion fuel decrease NOx radically compare to D2 in all load conditions with an average reduction of 18.99% respectively. As for the PM, emulsion fuel is lower compare to D2 at all load conditions and lowest at high load. However, tap water emulsion fuel shows high formation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at all load conditions which due to lower combustion temperature. This significant increment is aligned with the reduction of NOx emissions.