Despite years of equal opportunity and affi rmative action eff orts, women remain concentrated in certain lower-level positions. In a study of the federal senior service, Mani (1997) noted that women occupied 85 percent of all clerical positions but only 13 percent

Research repeatedly highlights the gap between male and female earnings across the public and private sectors. Th e authors address an overlooked manifestation of pay discrimination against women in the labor market. Using a survey of 384 public sector chief procurement offi cers, they analyze the indirect eff ects of gender on women's pay through the intervening variable of authority. Gender aff ects the amount of authority that is delegated to an employee, which, in turn, aff ects the variance in pay between men and women. Results reveal that gender plays a hidden role in infl uencing compensation levels by shifting the chain of authority given to executives as they build a career portfolio. Th e conclusion underscores why gender pay disparities should account for both the indirect and the direct eff ects of gender on pay.

This study conducts a systematic review of 98 peer-reviewed journal articles that empirically investigate the presence of the gender pay gap along with factors that espouse it in organizations. The purposes of this study are threefold. First, it aims to explore trends in recurring themes that surface as factors that engender the gender pay gap in the workforce. Second, based on identified themes, the review summarizes and compares the gender pay gap by sector. Finally, the study presents a discussion on how the public sector fairs out in closing the gender pay gap and factors that predict it.

Women in the workforce, especially those in professional and management positions, are doubly burdened by social traditions that expect workers to meet masculine standards at the office while maintaining their feminine role of nurturer at home. This article studies the social costs of female career progression using a survey of 1,600 respondents from different levels of the public sector. The results show that working women have an increased incidence of being single or divorced, married working women tend to have more housework responsibilities, and working women have fewer children or are childless. The article concludes that government and business organizations need to pay serious attention to this hidden problem of social costs that affect women and men disproportionately.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in the United States. There are modifiable and non-modifiable stroke risks and proper management of some of these risks could significantly reduce the risk of stroke incidence. However, proper management of stroke risks requires public awareness of these risks and awareness of appropriate approaches to managing them. In case of stroke incidence, it is also important for patients to be able to recognize stroke symptoms and get immediate emergency medical attention. In this article, stroke awareness is studied as awareness of stroke warning signs, proper management of stroke risks, and awareness of what to do in case of stroke. The article analyzes mail questionnaire responses from 1,114 West Virginia residents. Respondents were mostly not properly managing stroke risks such as diabetes and hypertension. There was also a lack of awareness of severe stroke symptoms such as loss of vision in one eye and sudden severe headache. While 83% of respondents reported that they would call 911 if they thought they were having a stroke, only 20% of respondents could correctly identify all stroke warning signs. The study has some limitations, but remains an important study of stroke awareness among rural residents in Appalachia.