The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mental toughness and sport performance among contact sport and non-contact sport athletes. In addition, differences in mental toughness dimensions between contact sport and non-contact sport athletes and difference in mental toughness between genders were compared. It was hypothesized that there was a relationship between mental toughness and the level of achievement among the athletes. A total of 285 athletes who participated in the Sukan Kolej-Kolej Bersekutu (SUKOB) competition (males = 147, females = 138) aged 18-26 years participated in this study. The method involved in this study was self-evaluation by participants themselves. The psychological performance inventory (PPI) questionnaire was distributed to the athletes who participated in the event during that time. After finishing the match, the researcher evaluated the sport performance based on the results of the match, either a win or a loss. Findings from this study showed a significant, weak, and negative relationship between overall mental toughness and sport performance among contact and non-contact sport athletes (r = -0.398, p = 0.000). Contact sport athletes scored higher in overall mental toughness compared with non-contact sport athletes (t = 2.99, p = 0.003). It can be concluded that mental toughness is an important component of psychological skills that should be included in training session in order to achieve excellent performance in competitions.

There are many reasons why individuals participate in sports or physical activities. There are two main types of motives for engaging in physical activities, which is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Previous research found that the six important motives, given by student-athletes for sport participation, were achievement, body shape, physical fitness, teamwork, learning new skills and challenges. However, research comparing the difference on motives for taking part in physical activities, especially on gender is limited. The aim of this study is to find the motives of taking part in physical activities among male and female student-athletes. A hundred student-athletes Purpose of Sport Questionnaire. Seven factors were derived from the questionnaire, Mastery or Cooperation, Physically Active lifestyle, Good Citizen, Competitiveness, High Status Career, Enhance Self-Esteem and Social Status or Getting Ahead. The sample was chosen from a Malaysian university. The result showed that there isn’t any significance differences on the motives of taking part in physical activity between genders. Since the result showed that the main motive for both gender were physically active lifestyle, it is better to plan the facilities of sport to fulfill this motive. In addition, identifying the range of motives given by the result of this study, will help sports psychologists to provide adequate and variety of sports programmers to maintain interest among participants. 

Introduction: The aim of this study was to maximise the benefits from clinical trials involving technological interventions such as radiation therapy. High compliance to the quality assurance protocols is crucial. We assessed whether the quality of radiation therapy intervention was evaluated in Cochrane systematic reviews. Methods: We searched 416 published Cochrane systematic reviews and identified 67 Cochrane systematic reviews that investigated radiation therapy or radiotherapy as an intervention. For each systematic review, either quality assurance or quality control for the intervention was identified by a description of such processes in the published systematic reviews. Results: Of the 67 Cochrane systematic reviews studied, only two mentioned quality assurance or quality control. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that 65 of 67 (97%) Cochrane systematic reviews of radiation therapy interventions failed to consider the quality of the intervention. We suggest that advice about the evaluation of intervention quality be added to author support materials.

The greatest challenge for educators during the pandemic Covid 19 situation today is to motivate their students to adopt e-learning. Therefore, it is important for lecturers in higher institutions to understand how to motivate their learners in choosing the types of motivation. Motivation refers to the concern with arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour towards the achievement of a specific goal, which classified into intrinsic and extrinsic. The objective of this study is to explore the types of motivation in adopting e-learning among the student-athletes of Sport Science and Recreation Faculty at University Technology MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. One hundred and twenty student t- athletes participated in this study. They were categorized into four ranking known as national, state, district and university based on their achievement in sports. The overall result showed that the student-athletes have the highest level of motivation in External Regulation (mean= 27.51), followed by Introjected Regulation (mean= 25.74), Identified Regulation (mean= 22.32), Amotivation (mean= 20.34), Intrinsic Motivation to Experience (mean= 17.17), Intrinsic Motivation to Know (mean= 15.31) and Intrinsic Motivation to Accomplish (mean= 12.55). Furthermore, national level athletes scored higher mean in both types of e-learning motivation except for Amotivation. In contrast, university ranking student-athletes scored the lowest on all the types of motivations for e-learning but highest in Amotivation. The findings obtained in this study supported by Self-Determination theory that e-learning involves the interaction of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Therefore, educators should use intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation to enhance the e learning habits among student-athletes to increase their performance in academic.

An individual’s mental state has been identified to play a significant role when performing a sport specific task. This ability leads to the success or failure of every athlete. The purpose of the study is to compare the level of state and trait self-confidence among athletes with disabilities. Total of 100 athletes (n = 100) comprises of 61 wheelchair tennis (WT) athletes and 39 wheelchair badminton (WB) athletes age range between 18-54 years voluntarily participated in the study. The athletes were practicing their sports at least from 2 to 18 years. The study uses the reliable instruments that is State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) and Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI). The questionnaires were distributed during Malaysia Open Wheelchair Tennis Championship and MBPJ-MPM Paralympics Sport Carnival. Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI) was distributed among subjects approximately 24 hours before the competition and State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) was distributed among subjects within 1 hour after end of the game. Paired-Sample T-test and IndependentSamples T-test data was analysed and shows mean difference of TSCI and SSCI among WT athletes and WB athletes was significant (P < 0.05). The mean of TSCI in WT is 4.59 and 4.69 in WB. Meanwhile, mean in SSCI for WT is 7.20 and 7.12 in WB. In conclusion, there is no difference in the level of self confidence among wheelchair tennis athletes and wheelchair badminton athletes. Selfconfidence has been linked as contributing factors to athletic performance. The current finding can assist coaches and athletes in understanding level of self-confidence before the competition.