The present paper introduces an analytical approach for integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) into power grids. The given method aims to simultaneously identify optimal buses and capacities of DERs and BESSs, with regard to the responsive load demand along with the stochastic nature of wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) units, and then to minimize energy losses and improve voltage profiles. For this purpose, the responsive load model, the uncertainties in the WT and PV units, and the BESSs are firstly modeled. Secondly, the output curve of BESSs is obtained so that demand and supply can be balanced effectively, so as to utilize the full‐potential output of DERs. Thirdly, a set of formulation is developed for simultaneous integration of the DERs and the BESSs. This formulation reflects on different levels of loads and DERs for each period as well as each segment with their corresponding probability density. Finally, the proposed method is tested on the standard IEEE 33‐bus network. These results verify that sizing and sitting of DERs and BESSs can significantly shape the planning results of DERs and increase their penetration in the power grids at the same time.

Multi-inverter AC microgrids increasingly rely on local embedded controllers and distributed communication networks to meet operational requirements, which makes the microgrids vulnerable to physical and cyber attacks. Conventional resilient control strategies generally assume that the attack signals are bounded and uncorrelated. In this paper, we study the ramifications of allowing the antagonistic inputs to be unbounded and correlated. We consider a two-layer hierarchy for networked multi-agent systems with two opposing teams on different directed communication graphs: a control protagonist team with cooperative multi-inverter microgrids and an attack antagonist team with interacting attackers. We consider three types of unbounded attack injections launched from the antagonist layer, namely, coordinated and correlated attacks on the sensor measurements, as well as generally unbounded attacks on actuator commands and communication channels. We propose a fully distributed control framework to guarantee uniform ultimate boundedness for the secondary frequency regulation and voltage containment of AC microgrids against malicious attacks. The proposed results are validated on a modified IEEE 34-bus test feeder system, which is emulated in a controller/hardware-in-the-loop environment.

The benefits of renewable energy sources (RES) are undeniable, despite the fact that controlling their output power is complicated due to their intermittent nature. In this paper, a new set of analytical formulations has been proposed for simultaneous integration and control of wind turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS) considering the time-varying load models, and resources uncertainty. The objective functions of this method include smoothing the output power of the WT unit, balancing demand and generation, increasing WT shares as well as decreasing the automatic generation control (AGC) reserve capacity which is essential in the gird. In addition, the modification of BESS reference current is considered to prolong the BESS effective lifetime and guarantee the prevention of BESS from over-charge and discharge. The results show that simultaneous integration of WT and BESS in the grid will smooth WT output power, balance load and WT generation, thereby reducing AGC required capacity and increasing the hosting capacity of grids effectively.