La revue NSS a souvent examiné la place des savoirs traditionnels dans les rapports entre sociétés et sciences. La revalorisation de ces savoirs entre dans les nouvelles façons de penser des recherches sur le terrain, notamment dans les sociétés du Sud. Cet article s'attache ainsi à la construction de connaissances scientifiques à partir de savoirs techniques locaux. En distinguant savoirs locaux et pratiques, les auteurs introduisent un cadre d'analyse rigoureux qu'ils illustrent à travers l'étude des conduites de troupeaux aux pâturages dans un territoire villageois africain. Leur recherche innove surtout par l'adoption des concepts et des mots locaux relatifs aux cadres environnementaux des savoirs et des pratiques. Cette mobilisation des langues locales comme outil de connaissance scientifique ouvre un débat entre agronomes mais aussi entre agronomes et sciences sociales. La Rédaction Mots-clés :pratiques ; savoirs locaux ; systèmes agropastoraux ; recherche-action ; Burkina Faso Résumé -Partant d'une expérience de recherche en partenariat, conduite sur le territoire de Koumbia-Waly (Burkina Faso), visant à établir des règles de gestion concertée des espaces agro-sylvo-pastoraux, l'article montre comment les auteurs ont cherché à rendre intelligibles les pratiques des éleveurs par une analyse basée sur la prise en compte des savoirs locaux. Les références sur les savoirs locaux et les pratiques ont été élaborées à partir d'enquêtes originales, complétées par des observations directes des troupeaux au pâturage. Les savoirs techniques relatifs au calendrier et aux unités pastorales ont été caractérisés sur le plan structurel et fonctionnel. L'analyse de la conduite au pâturage en référence aux savoirs locaux a permis de comprendre les logiques individuelles et de dégager des règles communes aux acteurs. Dans la discussion, les auteurs reviennent sur l'apport des savoirs locaux pour l'analyse des pratiques et pour l'intervention sur celles-ci. Keywords:practices; local knowledge; agro-pastoral systems; action research; Burkina Faso Abstract -Analysis of practices using local technical knowledge: the case of livestock grazing management in western Burkina Faso. Starting from a participative research whose purpose was to design rules for the collective management of agro-pastoral areas in the villages of Koumbia and Wally (Burkina Faso), the paper shows that breeder practices may be understood through analyses that take into account local knowledge. The study was based on a sample of ten stockbreeders. The paper sets out the framework for the characterization of the breeders' local knowledge and practices; the reference data on local knowledge and practices were derived from original investigations and direct observations of grazing livestock. The stockbreeders' knowledge on pastoral schedules (5 periods) and on pastoral land (8 main units) was structurally and functionally characterized. A description of actual grazing management practices of two stockbreeders was elaborated using the analysis framework. This he...
In Sudano-Sahelian Africa, Fulani pastoralists who settled down massively in less densely populated zones during the 1970s and 1980s have recently increased the mobility of their herds in response to an extension of cropping areas, a shortage of pasture and problems resulting from crop damage by cattle. Today, they annually exploit a set of areas located both near to and far from their dwellings that constitutes their 'herding territory'. This article aims to clarify how Fulani pastoralists conceive, organize and manage their herding territory and to discuss the future of pastoralism within the local and regional legal framework. The study was carried out in northern Cameroon and western Burkina Faso over three years following a participatory research approach. The results show that the herding territory is mainly composed of three sub-elements endowed with different access rights: the 'attachment territory' and 'peripheral territory', with rangelands that are exploited by 'house herds' on a daily basis, and the 'territories distant from the residential area' that serve for transhumance and the relocation of a second group of herds known as the 'bush herd'. These territories and herds are managed by mobilizing local knowledge and juggling a combination of factors, including the availability of plant biomass on different pastoral units, access rights and agreements with local stakeholders regarding resources, the date the rains arrive and the progress of sowing and harvesting in the fields. If pastoral systems are to be maintained in a sustainable manner in this region, any change to existing spatial arrangements must take into account the knowledge, expectations and needs of pastoralists on one hand and the evolving legal and institutional framework in western Africa on the other.
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