The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C−F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo‐ and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge‐dipole, dipole‐dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.

The halogenation of alcohols under mild conditions expedited by the presence of substoichiometric amounts of thiourea additives is presented. The amount of thiourea added dictates the pathway of the reaction, which may diverge from the desired halogenation reaction toward oxidation of the alcohol, in the absence of thiourea, or toward starting material recovery when excess thiourea is used. Both bromination and chlorination were highly efficient for primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzyl alcohols and tolerate a broad range of functional groups. Detailed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, isotopic labeling, and other control experiments suggest a radical-based mechanism. The fact that the reaction is carried out at ambient conditions, uses ubiquitous and inexpensive reagents, boasts a wide scope, and can be made highly atom economic, makes this new methodology a very appealing option for this archetypical organic reaction.

Introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C−F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. For more information, see the Review by Z. Nairoukh et al. on page 7193 ff.

Introduction: Detection and close monitoring of patients with precancerous lesions - chronic atrophic gastritis (GCA), gastric intestinal metaplasia (MIG) and gastric mucosal epithelial dysplasia (DEMG) is a priority to increase early detection and, implicitly, decrease mortality and mortality. by gastric cancer (GC). The aim of the present study is to develop a narrative synthesis of contemporary studies on GCA diagnostic methods. Material and methods: Eligible studies were searched in the PubMed, Hinari, SpringerLink and Scopus (Elsevier) databases during the years 2000-2020. Results: Out of 575 articles addressing the topic of precancerous lesions, 59 articles were qualified representative for the materials published on the topic of this synthesis article. Conclusions: There are two main methodological approaches for GCA evaluation: non-invasive serological examination using gastric function markers and invasive examination, which requires histological analysis of biopsy samples taken during upper digestive endoscopy, the latter being the „gold standard” for diagnosis.