Background: Knowledge of HER2/Neu and BRCA1 Genes might be helpful for development of strategies for decreasing the burden of risk of breast cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study to detect the role of HER2/Neu and BRCA1 Genes expression in diagnosis of breast cancer in Sudanese women. Methodology: A total of 100 tissue samples obtained from patients with breast cancer in addition to 50 tissue samples obtained from patients with benign breast lesions, were detected the expression of HER2/Neu and BRCA1 Genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The prevalence of HER2/Neu and BRCA1 Genes, among cases was 6%, and 10% respectively. Conclusion: HER2/Neu and BRCA1 Genes have a considerable contribution to etiology of breast cancer in Sudan that requires further consideration.

In a specific reservoir of an offshore field Abu Dhabi, several layers of the reservoir are producing subject to pressure depletion while other layers are partially or over pressurized due to water injection. Drilling through multi-layered reservoirs involves several challenges: faults and fractures, differentially stuck pipe and even total loss/kick scenarios due to pressure difference between the different layers. For reentry wells isolating the producing from injection layers is not possible due to the existing well schematic restrictions, completion requirements and target hole drainage size and location. MPD was proposed to utilize a mud weight that minimizes the differential pressure between the producing and injecting layers within reservoir which mitigates the drilling problems related to high differential pressure. The game plan was to start drilling the depleted zone with the lowest possible mud weight and to enter the injecting zone (higher pressure) with this mud weight to calculate the exact pressure of the formation using the early kick detection and automatic control features of the fully automated MPD system, in this way reducing the amount of overbalance in the depleted layer if feasible. Two wells were drilling using this method successfully. On both wells, a lower than conventional mud weight drilling fluids was used and the MPD system tested and verified the pore pressure of each of the reservoir layers. The calculated pore pressures were less than the wells prognosis. Swaying from the conventional mud weight consideration and the verification of pore pressure did minimize the differential pressure across the two layers which eventually eliminated the chances of drilling fluids losses and drill pipe differential stuck. The fully automated MPD system dealt safely with all the influxes during the pore pressure verifications tests. The new approach succeeded in solving the high differential pressure problem in the reservoir as drilling progressed shoe-to-shoe without interruption. The lower mud weight used had extra benefits in areas that historically required none-damaging weighting agent, this requirement was avoided by eliminating the need for this agent, FPWD was recorded across depleted reservoirs without pipe stuck events. Moreover, it was obvious the rate of penetration was higher on these two wells than offset wells in the same field when conventional mud was used. For the first time in the UAE a closed-loop fully automated MPD system was utilized to lower the mud weight used when drilling across the reservoir, first time dynamic pore pressure tests were utilized to ascertain the wells prognosis and the first time FPWD was successfully recorded under substantially high differential pressure. In conclusion, the MPD was proven to be the right solution to overcome the uncertainty in pressure resulted from pressure maintenance program and reservoir depletion.

The paper explores the 7" liner milling operations in re - entry well bores, operations that have become fairly common especially at the interface of corrosive effluents or after an extended life time. This however being a time and efficiency driven choice highlights the need for optimization from both the performance as well as the operational time perspective. The flat time endemic to the milling operation execution however, can be reduced and the operations can be optimized with effective mills, fine tuned rheological parameters of the milling fluid, the BHA stabilization and the finger printing of the milling parameters put in place to execute the entire operation. This paper looks into the various facets of optimization that can expand the avenue of flat time reduction and milling operations execution. Considering the various wells in the database considererd vis – a – vis the milling operations, a baseline ROP of 2 – 6 FPH for liner milling can be established. The baseline reference for this operation averages out an approximate of a couple of weeks from the well duration and has inherent complications both of which can be circumvented with optimization. Albeit the best proponent for mill selection is the existing liner configuration downhole, however this is one luxury that is not available in most cases. More often than not, the maiden mill run is done in a well with the least amount of data available regarding the existing well casing state. Therefore, adequate mill selection and mill cutting structure preparation hold significane for the successful execution, after all each milling run dictates the progress of the successive one. The paper also looks into the proponents of operational optimization and the denominators that drive the successful execution of the job.

The paper explores the contributing factors impacting/constituting enhancement of the drilling in the 6' section in one of the giant offshore fields of ADNOC. While there is a tangible and obvious contribution from the surface manipulation of parameters, there is also an irrefutable connect between down hole factors and ROP. Factors such as formation density, porosity, Mechanical Specific Energy, Orientation, mud weight, DDI crestal or flank placement of the well and their impact on performance. The crestal wells have come with their own inherent downhole problems and challenges. While at times there is linearity between the formation Mechanical Specific Energy and formation Density, there isn't necessarily a linear relationship between the drilling parameters and the resultant ROP. The density and porosity of the formation not only impact the MSE but the ROP downhole as well. The required parameters to drill each formation also vary with these properties and their effectiveness can in turn be tracked with the MSE being seen as a direct result of the BHA and formation interaction. The analyses entailed cover the formation density, discrimination plots, Azimuth, mud weight, BHA stabilizations, MSE and the respective intra parameter interactions that form the overall resultant drilling performance.

Over the course of drilling wells in one of ADNOC Offshore fields, there have been numerous endeavors in the Crestal region of the field with each well presenting its unique array of issues and challenges related to well construction, stability and delivery. Even while drilling two identical wells with extremely similar well designs and architecture, the wells encountered different and at times opposite responses from the formations being drilled. This resulted in the well construction becoming more problematic than expected in some cases while in others the situation was completely opposite, thus drilling and well construction went extremely smooth delivering the well ahead of time as opposed to the nearby sister well. While the denominators may be segregated based on commonality and differences, there is one particular aspect of the drilling process and planning that has been significantly overlooked, the Azimuth of the well particularly in the crestal region of the field. Over the years, investigation into the well trajectory, the well fluids and intrinsic properties have been dissected to arrive at a result but has not produced the expected success. The Azimuthal impact on the resultant seems to have been ignored to the extent of not understanding the Azimuth impact on a well trajectory. It is of paramount importance to investigate and identify the imp act since the related stresses and their directions directly define and drive the stability and the optimal mud weight needed to drill successful wells.