This paper presents a small-size, low-profile antenna for anti-attacking systems that work against unmanned GNSS-guided attacking vehicles to protect a vital area. The proposed antenna has the ability to handle, theoretically, a peak power up to 157.7 kW. It has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 75.4 mm and a height of 12.8 mm on a low-cost FR-4 substrate. This small size allows the integration of the proposed antenna with any portable system that prevents the attacks of GNSS-guided vehicles. The proposed antenna covers the whole GNSS frequency band with a fractional impedance bandwidth of 32.5% (1.16-1.61) GHz and a fractional axial ratio bandwidth of 37.6% (1.1-1.61) GHz utilizing a sandwiched structure. This broadband performance is realized using capacitive feeding. The proposed design maintains circularly polarized radiation over a wide elevation angle of 132º and a 360º azimuth angle which makes the proposed design suitable for GNSS anti-attacking systems.

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BACKGROUND: At present, there is little documented about the variability aspects of Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) in relation to periodontal diseases. This is perhaps due to several specialists rejecting the notion that E. gingivalis can cause periodontal disease. AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the morphological and genetic variability within trophozoites isolated from diseased (n = 26) and healthy periodontal sites (n = 14). METHODS: Detailed microscopic analyses were performed, in addition to post real-time polymerase chain reaction 18S-SSU rRNA gene scanning technology, using reference synthetic genes to analyze melting curve features from different isolates. RESULTS: All trophozoites isolated from diseased sites were significantly larger in size than those isolated from healthy sites. In addition, they were found in clusters, containing many leukophagocytosis and in a significantly higher number than those from healthy sites. Gene scanning revealed diversity within the isolates with a significantly higher number of mutant forms (18 out of 26) within the trophozoites isolated from diseased sites, 14 of them were of unknown origin. Four melting curves matched E. gingivalis H57 strain and the remaining eight were related to the wild strain (ATCC-30927). Isolates from healthy sites corresponded to the wild type (12 out of 14) with only two related to H57 strain. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed morphological and genetic variability between different isolates; We still recommend further in-depth molecular studies to investigate the role of this oral protozoan in the pathogenicity of periodontal affection. The study highlighted the importance of real engagement of multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies, involving experts from variable medical fields to reach truthful scientific outcomes concerning the association of certain microorganism to particular diseases or disorders.

The variability aspects of Entamoeba gingivalis concerning periodontal diseases are poorly studied. The reason is that many researchers rejected the notion that it can cause periodontal disease. The current study aimed to compare the morphological and genetic variability within trophozoites isolated from diseased and healthy periodontal sites. The practical investigation included a detailed microscopic analysis and gene scanning of the 18S-SSU rRNA by real-time PCR. All trophozoites isolated from diseased sites were significantly larger than those from healthy sites. Besides, they were clustered together with many other leuko-phagocytes. Gene scanning revealed diversity within the isolates of mutant trophozoites isolated from diseased sites. Four melting curves matched the H57 strain, while the remaining eight expressed the wild strain. Most of the isolates from healthy sites were wild-type, while only two isolates represented the H57 strain. However, the study confirmed morphological and genetic variability between different isolates, more in-depth molecular studies are required to investigate the role of this oral protozoan in the pathogenicity of periodontal affection. The study highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies by employing exported clinical investigators to reach truthful scientific outcomes concerning the association of certain microorganisms to particular diseases or disorders.