The presence of bilharziasis does not appear to influence the effectiveness of immunotherapy with BCG for superficial bladder cancer.

For high risk prostate cancer, the treatment volumes and even dose levels are still a controversial issue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosemetric parameters and acute toxicity of dose-escalated whole pelvis (WP) Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) prostate boost following neoadjuvant and concomitant with androgen deprivation therapy in high-risk prostate cancer patients. This analysis included 73 high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with WP-IMRT followed by boost to the prostate by VMAT to total dose of 80 Gy; between January 2014 and October 2016. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was given for all patients before and during radiation therapy. Drawing the dose volume histograms (DVHs) was done for planning target volumes (PTVs), including Prostate PTV & nodal PTV, and organs at risk including rectum, bladder, femoral heads, and bowel bag for the plans. Acute radiation toxicities were reported during the radiation course and the following 3 months. The DVH analysis showed good coverage of PTVs and organs at risk doses were acceptable. No recorded acute Grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Acute grade 1 toxicity for Gastrointestinal (GI) and Genitourinary (GU) were 65% and 35% respectively, while Grade 2 toxicity was 30% for both. The Proctitis and frequency were the commonest acute toxicity and were maximal during the 5th week of radiation therapy. Dose escalation in two phases utilizing Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) combined with ADT in high risk prostate cancer patient is feasible and associated with acceptable acute GI and GU toxicity.

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calcaneus and talus. There was significantly more inversion in the subtalar joint than the tibiotalar joint with weight-bearing inversion. Conclusion: We found that with weight-bearing inversion of the ankle joint complex, there was significantly lower stiffness and torque following injury to both the ATFL and CFL, and sequentially greater inversion of the talus and calcaneus with progressive ligament injury. This corresponds to a shift in the COF in the tibiotalar joint and a reduction of peak pressure. The CFL contributes considerably to lateral ankle stability, and higher-grade sprains that include CFL injury appear to result in substantial alteration of contact mechanics at the ankle joint. Thus, repair of the CFL should be considered during lateral ligament reconstruction, and there may be a role for early repair in high grade injuries to avoid the intermediate and long-term consequences (e.g., articular damage or tendon injury) of a loose or incompetent CFL.

Objective: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare pathology with life threatening consequences, most of these fatal complications are due to raised intracranial pressure due to venous infarction and cerebral swelling, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of decompressive craniectomy for favorable outcome.Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical, radiological and surgical data of patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for CVT in a tertiary referral hospital between the years 2016 through 2020. Results:The study included 7 patients, female predominance was noted (5/7), mean age was 18.14 years. Mean Glasgow coma score (GCS) at surgery was 8.26, good clinical outcome was achieved for the majority of cases 71.4%, and one case of mortality 14.28%.Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy is a life saving procedure for patients with severe brain swelling as a sequela of CVT, majority of patients (71.4%) showed favorable functional outcome by 6 months postoperatively.