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Introduction: Despite the fact that tramadol is commonly assumed as a therapeutic medication, it has the potential to create addiction, especially when taken for extended durations and in high dosages. In Egypt, tramadol misuse has recently get to be a severe health issue. Tramadol and other opioids, have a clinically known influence on sleep. However, just a few studies have evaluated the influence of tramadol addiction on sleep. Objectives: 1). Tcomparing the sleep architecture of Tramadol-dependent patients to that of normal controls; 2).To find out what variables are connected with Tramadol misuse and alterations in sleep architecture. Methodology: The research was a case-control, comparison study that was conducted on a convenient sample of male Egyptian Tramadol addicts. The study includes 40 patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for tramadol addiction and were recruited from the inpatient addiction department at Cairo University's Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Hospital, that were evaluated by comparing to a control group of 20 matched controls. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI), the Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (SDQ), and an overnight attended polysomnographic study (PSG) were administered to the participants.

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying NASH mainly involve lipid accumulation and build-up in the hepatic tissues. Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant commonly used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Forty juvenile male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10). The first group received a normal pellet diet for 2 months and served as the normal group. The remaining 3 groups received a Methionine and Choline-deficient diet (MCD) for 2 months to induce NASH. Group 2 was administered 0.5 ml distilled water and served as the NASH group. Groups 3 and 4 were administered oral cholestyramine (10 & 20 mg/kg; p.o.) for 2 months. MCD resulted in NASH as was manifested by significant alteration of hepatic histopathological pictures along with elevation of serum AST, ALT activities, serum TC, TG & LDL-cholesterol and a reduction in HDL-cholesterol levels. The liver weight and the liver index were also significantly elevated. Hepatic levels of AGEs, NF-kβ, TNF-α, MMP-9, MIP-2 & PPAR-γ along with iNOS & EMR1 gene expression were elevated while adiponectin level was reduced versus the normal group. Cholestyramine treatment (10 & 20 mg/kg) amended all the aforementioned parameters as compared to the NASH group. The current study is the first to identify cholestyramine's beneficial actions in NASH induced in rats by MCD. Furthermore, the study navigates the possible molecular mechanisms beyond cholestyramine's actions. cholestyramine treatment reduces hepatic fat accumulation as well as hepatic tissue inflammation.

One of the most recent applications of machine learning is to translate sign language into natural language. Many studies have attempted to classify sign language based on whether it is gesture or facial expression. These efforts, however, ignore genuine sentences' linguistic structure and context. The quality of traditional translation methods is poor, and their underlying models are not salable. They also take a long time to complete. The contribution of this paper is that it suggests utilizing a transformer to perform bidirectional translation using a deep learning approach. The proposed models experiment on the ASLG-PC12 corpus. The experimental results reveal that the proposed models outperform other approaches to the same corpus in both directions of translation, with ROUGE and BLEU scores of 98.78% and 96.89%, respectively, when translating from text to gloss. Additionally, the results indicate that the model with two layers achieves the best result with ROUGE and BLEU scores of 96.90% and 84.82% when translating from gloss to text.