The pathogenesis of Schistosoma mansoni infection is largely determined by host T-cell mediated immuneSchistosomiasis is a debilitating parasitic disease affecting about 200 million people in 70 countries in the world and is caused by one of the three different species of Schistosoma: S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. The major pathology of these parasitic infections is associated with a host delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to parasitic egg and egg products. Granulomatous inflammation is a cellular hypersensitivity reaction mediated by egg antigen-specific, MHC class II-restricted, TCR αβ expressing, CD4 + T helper cells (Iacomini et al. 1995). Patients infected with S. mansoni mount cellular and humoral immune responses to soluble egg antigens derived from crude homogenates of eggs. Thus, the end result of host responses to schistosome eggs in the liver is advanced portal fibrosis with dense deposits of collagens in greatly expanded portal tracts (El-Zayadi 2004). The immune reaction produced by the body against the schistosomal infection is a double-weaponed arm. Unfortunately, the harmful weapon is the longest and the most powerful. That is the immune reaction against the schistosomal egg causing the schistosomal granuloma. The other weapon of the immune system that should be lengthened and empowered is the protective immune response against infection, egg production and/or the granuloma formation. Many researchers have been doing their best to get the suitable agent that can stimulate the maximal, specific immune response against schistosomiasis (Goes & Hirsch 1996).Considerable efforts have been exerted to determine which S. mansoni antigens induce and elicit T cell-mediated responses and granuloma formation (Goes & Hirsch 1996). Several laboratories have isolated various antigens from crude soluble egg anigens (SEA) and soluble worm antigens (SWAP), and investigated their role in serology, blastogenic reactions, and granuloma responses to SEA (Bahia-Oliveira et al. 1997). These studies revealed a variety of biologically active antigenic moeities derived from S. mansoni antigen preparations (Goes & Hirsch 1996). One antigen, Smp40 (major egg antigen p40), has been described as highly immunogenic in humans and has been cloned and sequenced (Cao et al. 1993). The Smp40 peptide has 354 amino acid residues and shares homologies with the family of heat shock proteins and α-crystallins. There is evidence that α-crystallins act as chaperone for other important egg antigens released during the migra- tion phase of the eggs in the hepatic system (Nene et al. 1986). The immune response to Smp40 and Smp40 overlapping peptides can be studied in the cellular proliferation assays with the addition of either anti-interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-2 to overcome anergy. In the last decade, substantial resources have been invested to identify, characterize, and purify various schistosome antigens for the purpose of designing and testing potential vaccines. In fact, elucidation of egg antigens has received much les...

Cryptosporidiosis parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite infects intestinal epithelial cells of man and animals causing a major health problem. This study was oriented to evaluate the protective and curative capacity of garlic, ginger and mirazid in comparison with metronidazole drug (commercially known) against Cryptosporidium in experimental mice. Male Swiss Albino mice experimentally infected with C. parvum were treated with medicinal plants extracts (Ginger, Mirazid, and Garlic) as compared to chemical drug Metronidazole. Importantly, C. parvum-infected mice treated with ginger, Mirazid, garlic and metronidazole showed a complete elimination in shedding oocysts by 9 th day PI. The reduction and elimination of shedding oocysts in response to the treatments might be attributable to a direct effect on parasite growth in intestines, sexual phases production and/ or the formation of oocysts. The results were evaluated histopathological examination of ileum section of control mice (uninfected, untreated) displayed normal architecture of the villi. Examination of infected mice ileum section (infected, untreated) displayed histopathological alterations from uninfected groups. Examination of ileum section prepared from mice treated with garlic, ginger, mirazid, and metronidazole displayed histopathological alterations from that of the control groups, and showed marked histologic correction in the pattern with the four regimes used in comparison to control mice. Garlic successfully eradicated oocysts of infected mice from stool and intestine. Supplementation of ginger to infected mice markedly corrected elevation in the inflammatory risk factors and implied its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. Infected mice treated with ginger, mirazid, garlic and metronidazole showed significant symptomatic improvements during treatment.

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Background: Currently, diabetes mellitus, specifically, Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial metabolic disorder that affects more than 348 million people worldwide. It is considered to be one of the main causes of mortality. The pathway of type 2 diabetes is characterized both by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and liver and a relative failure of the pancreatic β cell. Despite extensive study, yet no unifying hypothesis exists to explain these defects and the proper treatment. The key goal of diabetes treatment is to prevent complications because over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Therefore there is a great need to develop new and effective therapies for treating diabetic complications early before it cause irreparable tissue damage. Recently, advances experimental evidence empowers the idea that diabetic patients may greatly benefit from cell-based therapies, which include the use of adult stem and/or progenitor cells in disease therapy.In particular, therapeutic effect of bone marrow stem cell in treating the type 2 diabetic patients.Motivation: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adherent and pluripotent and non-hematopoietic progenitor cells. Human bone marrow MSCs have been shown to inhibit antigen-dependent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation in an allogeneic setting in vitro. They have been found to reside in most organs and tissues investigated to date, including bone marrow, adipose, dermis, muscular tissue, hair follicles, the periodontal ligament and the placenta. In addition, recent studies have shown that adult bone marrow stem cells can differentiate into several types such as blood, liver, lung, skin, muscle, neuron and insulin producing cells. This has motivated us to explore potentials of their therapeutic applications in treating diabetes mellitus or type-2 diabetes. This article proposes a novel mechanism to isolate adult rat bone marrow stem cells and test their ability to treat diabetic rats. The main focus of this research is to investigate the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on the diabetic rats. Experimental methods, data and results:The experimental studies were carried out based on twelveweek old healthy Sprague Dawley (S.D) rats and it was used for isolation and transplantation of stem cells. We carried a total number of 40 Sprague Dawley (S.D) male rats; 12-14 weeks old age and weighting 180-250 gm were used in the experimental study. Rats were obtained from Animal House of Nile Center for Experimental Researches, Mansoura, Egypt. Animals were housed in separate metal cages, fresh and clean drinking water was supplied adlibtium through specific nipple. The animals were anesthetized by halothane, and then the skin was sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol before cutting the skin. The femurs and tibia were carefully dissected from adherent soft tissues. Then they were placed into sterilized beaker containing 70% ethyl alcohol for 1-2 min. The bones were put in Petri dish contain Phosphate buffer saline 1X (PBS) (Hyclone, USA) for w...

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