Smart cities are an innovative concept for managing metropolitan areas to increase their residents’ sustainability and quality of life. This article examines the management and evolution of energy generation, various storage systems and the applications they serve, and infrastructure technology’s current condition and future prospects. Additionally, the study also examines energy-related construction and transportation systems and technologies. The Smart Cities Energy Prediction Task Force predicts electrical usage using STLF, SVM, and e-learning machines. To keep a system working well throughout the year, fossil fuels must be utilised as a backup energy source. Technologies can only benefit if integrated into the city’s infrastructure. By 2050, it is anticipated that the global population will surpass 10 billion, with most people settling in metropolitan regions. Between 2020 and 2027, the global market for smart energy is anticipated to expand by 27.1% annually, from USD 122.2 billion in 2020 to USD 652 billion in 2026. In 2020, Europe will account for 31.8 per cent of total smart energy product sales. China’s GDP is projected to grow by 33.0 per cent annually, reaching USD 176.1 billion by the conclusion of the analysis period. Consequently, smart cities are expanding and blooming worldwide, yet there are no permanent standards.

Wind turbines (WTs) create electricity by utilizing the energy of the wind. As a result, wind turbine control and cost-effective operation were studied. The control system offers a long service life, maximum energy output, and safety. On control methods and control strategies, various ways for limiting and optimizing energy consumption were discussed. Integration of wind power may compromise the stability of the transient system. Asynchronous induction generators cannot handle the quantity of reactive power generated in wind energy applications. WTs are usually constructed to withstand inclement weather but not for high speeds or torque. Strong aerodynamic torques or rotational speeds are capable of destroying WT blades. To prevent this, WTs always have a cutout speed over which the turbine will be stopped by its brakes. When excessive wind speeds endanger the safety of the turbines, the WT employs a range of control techniques. As a result, all WTs are constructed using a power control method. This can regulate pitch and stall. Passive or active stall control can be applied to the WT. Therefore, this study analyzed the associated technologies, the maintenance of wind turbines, the cost, the many types of wind turbine controllers, and the negative effects and roadblocks unique to the wind energy industry.

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<abstract> <p>This study proposes a centralized control system for an islanded multivariable minigrid to improve its performance, stability and resilience. The integration of renewable energy sources and distributed energy storage systems into microgrid networks is a growing trend, particularly in remote or islanded areas where centralized grid systems are not available. The proposed control system is designed to be implemented at two levels a high-level control system and a low-level control system. Hence, the high-level control system balances energy resources and demand, makes decisions for effective resource utilization and monitors energy transactions within the minigrid. Real-time data from various sources and advanced algorithms are used to optimize energy management and distribution enabling the integration of renewable energy sources and enhancing the resilience of the minigrid against power outages.</p> <p>Moreover, the low-level control system monitors energy parameters such as voltage, current, frequency and mechanical energy. The control system ensures these parameters remain within the specified range, maintaining system stability and ensuring efficient energy distribution. It also protects the minigrid against power outages improving system reliability and security. Finally, the proposed centralized control system offers a promising solution for improving the performance, stability and resilience of microgrid networks. The system provides real-time monitoring, efficient energy management and distribution, and the integration of renewable energy sources. These results have important implications for the development and deployment of microgrid networks in remote or islanded areas.</p> </abstract>

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