Background: The field of cochlear implantation has been expanding rapidly and it has been hailed as one of the greatest advances in otology. The technique of anesthesia plays a crucial role in success of cochlear implant surgery as the anesthesiologist has to produce conditions which facilitate surgery by inducing bloodless operative field. Study objective: To determine the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus esmolol usage as an adjunct to induce controlled hypotension in children undergoing cochlear implant surgery. Design: Clinical trial study. Setting: Operating room in a university hospital. Patients: 70 children aged 2-4 years scheduled for cochlear implant surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated according to drugs used into two equal groups (35 patients in each group). Interventions: Group (D): The patients in this group received a bolus dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 ug/kg over 10 min followed by continuous infusion 0.2-0.5 ug/kg/h after induction of anesthesia but before surgery. Group (E): The patients in this group received a bolus dose of esmolol 0.5 mg/kg over 10 min followed by continuous infusion 100-300 ug/kg/min after induction of anesthesia but before surgery. Measurements: Heart rate, Mean Arterial blood Pressure, Quality of surgical field, operative time, adverse events. Main results: The quality of surgical field was comparable between both groups in all times of measurements. The time to first analgesic request was statistically significant longer in group (D) than in group (E) and the total tramadol consumption was statistically significant less in group (D) than in group (E). Conclusions: In our study both dexmedetomidine and esmolol were effective in reducing MABP, and lowering the heart rate providing dry surgical field and ensured good surgical condition during cochlear implant surgery in pediatric patients.

Background: The nasal surgery in pediatric patient's caries a major challenge to both anesthesiologist and surgeon. The surgeon faces small nostrils and narrow nasal passages. The anesthesiologist has to produce condition which facilitate the surgery, decrease the operative time by minimize the intraoperative bleeding to allow better visualization this can be achieved by controlled hypotensive anesthesia which is the key issue in the success of nasal surgery in pediatric age group.

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