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Purpose : The study assessed the chemical and microbial quality of some meat products (Liver, Luncheon, minced meat, and Sausage) in addition to detecting some virulence genes associated with some isolated strains. Method: Two hundred random samples of meat products including 50 samples each of (minced meat, Liver, luncheon and sausage) were randomly collected from different butchers at Damanhur city, El Behera Governorate for some chemical (TVN and TBA) and microbiological evaluation (APC, Staph. aureus, E.coli, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium perfringens), in addition, detection of virulence genes in some isolated strains. Result: The obtained results revealed that mean values of TVB-N and TBA was higher in liver than other meat products. In regard to microbiological evaluation, results revealed that incidence of staph. aureus, E.coli, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens were (40, 24, 20 and 30%), (36, 10, 8 and 30%), (2, 4, 0, 4%), (16, 20, 24 and 34%) and (28, 10, 18, and 36%), in the examined minced meat, liver, luncheon and sausage, respectively. Salmonella could not be detected in examined luncheon samples. Regarding virulence genes (Pvl and Sea) and (invA and Stn) were detected in 100% of isolated Staph. aureus and Salmonella strains, respectively. eaeA was detected in 100% of isolated E.coli strains while Stx2 was detected in only one strain. Isolated strains of Clostridium perfringens were positive for enterotoxin gene (cpe) and alpha-toxin (cpa) at percent 100%. Conclusion: The presence of aerobic bacteria like Staphylococci aureus, E. coli, bacillus cereus, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens may be due to poor hygienic measures during processing and handling of meat products. So, consumption of these products could be associated with possible risk of infection, suggesting the need for the institution of strict hygienic measures during handling of meat products.

Purpose The study assessed the chemical and microbial quality of some meat products (Liver, Luncheon, minced meat, and Sausage) in addition to detecting some virulence genes associated with some isolated strains. Method Two hundred random samples of meat products including 50 samples each of (minced meat, Liver, luncheon and sausage) were randomly collected from different butchers at Damanhur city, El Behera Governorate for some chemical (TVN and TBA) and microbiological evaluation (APC, Staph. aureus, E.coli, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium perfringens), in addition, detection of virulence genes in some isolated strains. Result The obtained results revealed that mean values of TVB-N and TBA was higher in liver than other meat products. In regard to microbiological evaluation, results revealed that incidence of staph. aureus, E.coli, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens were (40, 24, 20 and 30%), (36, 10, 8 and 30%), (2, 4, 0, 4%), (16, 20, 24 and 34%) and (28, 10, 18, and 36%), in the examined minced meat, liver, luncheon and sausage, respectively. Salmonella could not be detected in examined luncheon samples. Regarding virulence genes (Pvl and Sea) and (invA and Stn) were detected in 100% of isolated Staph. aureus and Salmonella strains, respectively. eaeA was detected in 100% of isolated E.coli strains while Stx2 was detected in only one strain. Isolated strains of Clostridium perfringens were positive for enterotoxin gene (cpe) and alpha-toxin (cpa) at percent 100%. Conclusion The presence of aerobic bacteria like Staphylococci aureus, E. coli, bacillus cereus, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens may be due to poor hygienic measures during processing and handling of meat products. So, consumption of these products could be associated with possible risk of infection, suggesting the need for the institution of strict hygienic measures during handling of meat products.

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is known to be associated with high rates of liver related morbidities and mortality in the whole world. The interest of Public in HCV is growing, as more than 180 million people, (2.8%) of the global population, are infected with HCV. Aim of the Study To evaluate the effect of direct antiviral agents on glomerular filtrating rate (GFR). Patients and Methods The study performed on 120 subjects from the Hepatology outpatient clinic at Sharque elmadinah Hospital in Alexandria. Results The current results showed that the mean decrease in GFR in patients who received SOF/DAC were 5.21 ± 15.57 and 6.18 ± 16.13 after full 12 week regimen and after 1 year respectively while the mean decrease in patients SOF/SIM were 4.35 ± 14.9 and 3.57 ± 13.08 respectively. The decrease was not statistically significant in both regimens. Moreover, the mean GFR decrease in the only patient received SOF/Ribavirin was 12.8 and 30.9 after 12 weeks regimen and after one year respectively while for the only patient who received PAR/OMB/Rito/Ribavirin the decrease was 5.5 and 53.4 respectively. unfortunately, due to lack of sufficient patients number, the decrease an not be expressed statistically. Conclusion The new direct antiviral agents (sofosbuvir, daclatasvir and simeprevir) are effective and safe regarding glomerular filtration rate in patients with normal renal function. However, a meticulous monitoring of kidney function is mandatory during the course of these medications to early detect any untoward side effects. Moreover, such studies will yield beneficial data about the renal safety of these drugs if it could be performed on a larger scale of patients.