In this work, the Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) is implemented for estimating the parameters of single and three-phase power transformers. The estimation process is employed on the basis of the manufacturer's operation reports. The COA is assessed with the aid of the deviation between the actual and the estimated parameters as the main objective function. Further, the COA is compared with well-known optimization algorithms i.e. particle swarm and Jaya optimization algorithms. Moreover, experimental verifications are carried out on 4 kVA, 380/380 V, three-phase transformer and 1 kVA, 230/230 V, single-phase transformer. The obtained results prove the effectiveness and capability of the proposed COA. According to the obtained results, COA has the ability and stability to identify the accurate optimal parameters in case of both single phase and three phase transformers; thus accurate performance of the transformers is achieved. The estimated parameters using COA lead to the highest closeness to the experimental measured parameters that realizes the best agreements between the estimated parameters and the actual parameters compared with other optimization algorithms.INDEX TERMS Coyote, PSO, Jaya, single-phase transformer, transformer equivalent circuit.

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This study reviews the problem of energy consumption reduction in public buildings in Egypt in the period 2005 up to 2016.The public buildings in Egypt consume around 30% of the total electrical energy. A considerable portion of consumed power is wasted unnecessarily by continuous operation of electrical loads such as fans and lights even without imperative need for these loads especially in public buildings(e.g. Auditoriums, Shopping malls and Theatres). The wasted amount of electrical energy necessitates searching for possible means to save operating cost. In this study, a proposed framework based on a low cost smart controlled power saving system is implemented to control the usage of electrical energy. The idea is to use a low cost smart system to control the power input to the lighting and non-emergency equipment in governmental buildings during unworking hours started at 4 PM till 8 AM. The proposed power saving system is designed with efficient controllers to regulate the on-off operation of electrical devices during the un-work shift from 4 PM to 8 AM "night guard work-shift". Two measures are carried out in this shift, which are the total accumulation times during OFF periods and the total accumulation times during ON periods of electrical equipment. The assessment of the proposed system is based on the savings ratios for certain energy consumption. The main advantages of proposed power saving system in comparison with the existing methods are the low cost of its implementation and the highest power consumption level achieved. The outcome of this study is to increase the energy saving from the minimum value, i.e. about 125.84 GWh (0.08% of total consumed energy) to the largest possible value, i.e. 3523.52 GWh (2.268% of total consumed energy) which can save money between 90.6048 million pounds, as a minimum value, to about 2536.9 million pounds yearly. 17-PES2 I. Survey of Power Saving Procedure Numerous researches have analysed how to develop a building energy consumption to enhance energy efficiency, where each research has its own active and passive points in solving the waste useful consumed energy in public buildings (methods of saving power). In [1], a proposed technique, the Energy-Aware Framework (EAF), is introduced to manage and control power status of various Consumer Electronic (CE) devices operating throughout the home. The proposed framework is composed of a power management scheme to control power consumptions of devices according to the classified service categories. The authors in [2] introduced a strategy to saving power compared to conventional system. In this paper, the authors developed a low voltage dc lighting system (LVDC) with LED luminaires and wireless sensor network control. With the proposed smart lighting system, the ambient light at the user's location is able to be controlled in real-time to give users the most amount of indoor environmental quality but in an efficient manner of energy. Also, wireless lighting sensors are used to realize better energy conservation and the ...

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