Background: The association between diabetes mellitus and dementia is not well-established such that found between diabetes mellitus and vascular diseases. This article aimed at reviewing the longitudinal prospective studies which evaluated the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence of dementia among different age groups of patients. Methods: An electronic search was performed by Google Scholar, PubMed, and Sciencedirect to identify all relevant articles. The number of eligible articles based on titles and abstracts were 21 eligible articles. After that, the irrelevant, duplicated and other reviews studies were excluded based on, which resulted in the exclusion of 13 irrelevant articles. Finally, 7 articles were included in this review. The data collected about mean age of the population, type and duration of diabetes, the strength of association and the statistical significance. Results: The strength of association between dementia and diabetes mellitus varied in the included studies, the reported ratios varied from a relative risk of 1.2 to a 4.77. Regarding the statistical significance of these associations, all the studied articles revealed significant associations with P values less than 0.05. Conclusion: This review supported the evidence of the association between diabetes mellitus and occurrence of dementia depending on the findings of the recent epidemiological studies.

This review to show the degree of patient satisfaction and length of stay after laparoscopic appendectomy or open appendectomy. Moreover, the degree of appendicitis was considered either acute appendicitis or perforated appendicitis which can result in complications like sepsis, peritonitis and gangrene. Data sources: (PubMed, Google Scholar) have been searched for papers that addressed patient satisfaction and length of stay after appendectomy, preoperative appendicitis status and the operation used for appendectomy were considered during searching. Results: It was obvious that patient who have undergone laparoscopic appendectomy were more satisfied and had short length of stay after the operation neither than patients who have undergone open appendectomy who were less satisfied and had longer length of stay. Also, it was clear that patient with acute appendicitis were more satisfied with short length of stay neither than patients with perforated appendicitis who were less satisfied with longer length of stay.

Introduction: Gamma knife surgery is one of the stereotactic surgery which recently used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia due to its minimally invasive nature. The short-term effectiveness of gamma knife surgery in a reduction of pain episodes among patients with trigeminal neuralgia are reported by several studies. However, few studies elaborated the long-term effectiveness of gamma knife surgery. Objective: This review aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of gamma knife surgery by reviewing of pain relief rates and recurrence rates reported by the included studies. Methods: The electronic search was conducted in Medline, EmBase and Science direct databases using the key words of (Gamma knife surgery AND trigeminal neuralgia). The search of the literature, after exclusion of irrelevant, duplicated and review studies revealed 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. The data extraction conducted using data extraction sheet regarding characteristics such as duration of symptoms, number of trigeminal divisions involved, lack of sensation or surgery before surgery, anatomical results in the operation, the rate of pain relief and pain recurrence rate. Results: The history of surgery and medications before gamma knife radio surgery was assessed by included studies. It was found that only one study used gamma knife surgery as their first treatment of choice with no prior surgery. The pain relief rate ranged from 73.8% to 96% while pain recurrence rate, which reported in four included studies ranged from 2% to 26.3%. Conclusions: The gamma knife surgery was not the first surgical choice of treatment in most of the studies. The reported pain relief rates associated with this new technique were generally high while pain recurrence rates were low. As the worst reported scenario found about a quarter of patients complained of pain recurrence following gamma knife surgery.