Background: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) due to obstructive uropathy is not widely known by physicians and hence not well represented in the literature. To better understand its presentation, clinical course, and available treatments, we conducted a systematic review of case reports on NDI due to urinary tract obstruction. Material and Methods: This observational study was a systematic review of 19 human cases found in the literature. It was done retrospectively to focus on whether NDI can occur due to obstruction of the urinary tract and, if so, what the mechanism (pathophysiology) is. Results: We found that the most common symptom of NDI due to urinary tract obstruction was polyuria. The most common cause of NDI due to urinary tract obstruction was cancer. The most common site for obstruction was the ureter. And the most common test used to confirm the diagnosis was failure to concentrate urine after the administration of desmopressin. Surgical intervention was the most common treatment to relieve obstruction. Conclusion: We found that urinary tract obstruction can cause NDI. With early diagnosis and timely relief of the obstruction, NDI can be reversible.

Background: Acute hepatitis caused by viral organisms which are typically implicated in the cases of encephalitis are rarely reported in literature. The presentation of enteroviral meningoencephalitis predominated with the clinical picture of hepatitis has rarely been recorded in populations other than neonates. Case Presentation: A male 2-year-old, presenting with a fever of 38 to 40 °C with chills and rigors, lethargy and drowsiness for 6 days. Along with the nausea, vomiting and watery diarrhea, he developed mouth ulcers (peri-oral vesicles) during the stay at the hospital. After extensive workup he was later diagnosed with meningoencephalitis and acute hepatitis due to Coxsackie virus A. After a stay of more than a month he was successfully treated and discharge. Conclusion: A more thorough evaluation should be carried out for atypical viral infections presenting with clinical presentation of hepatitis and meningoencephalitis.

Introduction:The surgical problem called acute cholecystitis is very common nowadays; however, it may be difficult to diagnose when a person has situs inversus, which is a congenital anomaly characterized by the viscera being situated on the opposite side of the body. Our case report discusses the history, findings from the physical examination, radiographic images, diagnosis, as well as how we dealt with cholecystitis in situs inversus with dextrocardia. Case presentation: An 86-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a complaint of pain in the upper-left hypochondrium region. He was later diagnosed to have acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) with cholelithiasis (presence of gallstones in the gallbladder) in situs inversus totalis. The patient underwent an elective open cholecystectomy within 24 hours. The patient recovered well and was discharged on postoperative day 4. Conclusion: Acute cholecystitis in situs inversus with dextrocardia is a rare congenital anomaly, and it requires great expertise in the field of surgery to operate on these patients because of the reverse anatomy of the organs.