Background:Cholecystokinin (CCK) has roles in learning and memory, but the cellular mechanism is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of CCK on spatial learning and memory, neuronal proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampus in rats.Materials and Methods:Experimental groups were control and CCK. The rats received CKK octapeptide sulfated (CCK-8S, 1.6 μg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. Spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze and finally immunohistochemical study was performed; neurogenesis by Ki-67 method and apoptosis by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG).Results:Cholecystokinin increased Ki-67 positive cells and reduced TUNEL positive cells in the granular layer of hippocampal DG. CCK failed to have a significant effect on spatial learning and memory.Conclusion:Results indicate neuroprotective and proliferative effects of CCK in the hippocampus; however, other factors are probably involved until the newly born neurons achieve necessary integrity for behavioral changes.

Context:Today, attention has increasingly been focused on the studies which include patient-centered consequences.Aims:The study aims to investigate the attitude of parents and children toward the application of stainless steel crown (SSC) on primary molars.Settings and Design:This cross-sectional descriptive study included eighty 4–6-year-old children having treated with SSC over the past 3–6 months.Subjects and Methods:Eventually, a validated child- and parent-centered self-report questionnaire was filled, having 14 questions about demographic information, six questions about childrens' attitude, and eight questions about parents' attitude.Statistical Analysis Used:Data analysis was conducted using t-test and one-way ANOVA at significant level P < 0.05.Results:In general, the score of children's attitude was positive, and the mean of attitude scores was obtained to be 9.9 ± 2.6; attitudes of 82.43% of children were good. Parents had neutral attitude; the mean of their attitude was obtained to be 20.2 ± 4.8. Only 53% of the parents scored good attitudes.Conclusions:The attitude score of children toward SSC was good and independent of age, gender, career, and education of the parents. Although the parents were not satisfied with how it appeared, the majority of them reported that their child had well accepted the crown.