No abstract

The Cement Packer approach has been successfully implemented to pursue and monetize minor gas reservoirs of poorer quality. Due to its critical role in power supply to meet the nation's needs, license to operate gas fields oftentimes come with contractual obligations to deliver a certain threshold of gas capacity. The cement packer method is a cheaper alternative to workovers that enables operators to build gas capacity by monetizing minor gas reservoirs at lower cost. Group 1 reservoirs are the shallowest hydrocarbon bearing sand with poorer reservoir quality and relatively thin reservoirs. The behind-casing-opportunities in Minor Group-1 reservoirs previously required a relatively costly pull-tubing rig workover to monetize the reservoir. Opportunities in two wells were optimized from pull –tubing rig workovers to a non-rig program by implementing Cement Packer applications. The tubing was punched to create tubing-casing communication and cement was subsequently pumped through the tubing and into the casing. The hardened cement then acted as a barrier to satisfy operating guidelines. The reservoir was then additionally perforated, flow tested and successfully monetized at a lower cost. Tubing and casing integrity tests prior to well entry demonstrated good tubing and casing integrity. This is critical to ensure that cement will only flow into the casing where the tubing was punched. Once the cement hardened, pressure test from the tubing and from the casing indicated that the cement has effectively isolated both tubulars. Subsequent Cement Bond Log and Ultrasonic Imaging Tool showed fair to good cement above the target perforation depth. These data supported the fact that the cement packer was solid and the reservoir was ready for additional perforation. Taking into account the reservoir quality, it was decided to perforate the reservoir twice with the biggest gun available to ensure the lowest skin possible. Post perforation, there was a sharp increase in the tubing pressure indicating pressure influx from the reservoir. Despite that, casing pressure remained low, confirming no communication and thus the success of the cement packer.The well was later able to unload naturally due to its high reservoir pressure, confirming the producibility of the reservoirs and unlocking similar opportunities in other wells. Additionally, the cement packer approach delivered tremendous cost savings between $6 – 8 mil per well. Besides confirming the reservoirs' producibility,the success also unlocked additional shallow gas behind casing opportunities in the area.This method will now be the first-choice option to monetize any hydrocarbon resources in reservoirs located above the top packer.

No abstract

Lameness is one of the most prevalent and costly maladies affecting dairy cattle. It has been ranked as the third after mastitis and reproductive failure. One of the leading causes of lameness is corium tissue damage and hence claw horn lesions development. Flooring system was found to have an impact on the development of such lesions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to study the effect of flooring system on the development of four non-infectious claw disorders in Egyptian dairy farms. Another objective was to study the effect of claw disorders on reproductive performance and total milk production. Four dairy herds with earthen floor (n=2) and desert floor (n=2) from Ash-Sharkia and Ismailia Provinces were included in this study. Results revealed that the prevalence of white line disease (WLD) was the highest among recorded lesions in earthen floor farms 2.7% followed by sole ulcer (SU) 2.1% and sole abscess (SA) 1.7% then vertical wall fissures (VWF) 1.6%. While in the desert floor farms, VWF and SA were reported in 0.8% of animals followed by WLD and SU in 0.4% and 0.3% of animals, respectively. The noninfectious claw disorders were detected mainly in hindlimbs in earthen floor farms when compared to forelimbs 6.6% and 1.5%, respectively while in the desert floor farms were nearly equal for the forelimbs 1.1% and hindlimbs 1.2%. In conclusion, the animals housed in earthen floor farms were more susceptible to non-infectious claw disorders than those housed in desert floor.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication associated with cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with a deleterious effect on morbidity and mortality. The current study aimed to determine the efficacy of preoperative creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) level for the prediction of occurrence and severity of AKI. Settings and Design: This study was a prospective cross-sectional observational study. Methods: The study was carried out on 74 pediatric patients aged less than 18 years scheduled for elective congenital cardiac surgery using CPB. The prevalence of AKI within 72 hours was defined according to the three-stage Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Logistic regression analysis was done and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals at 95% (95% CI) were calculated. Results: AKI had developed in 25 patients (33.78%) by the second postoperative day. Patients who developed AKI had higher mean levels of preoperative CK-MB compared with patients without AKI (P = 0.002). Lower mean age, longer duration of surgery, bypass time, and crossclamp time were independently associated with AKI (p < 0.015, 0.001, 0.001and 0.001, respectively). Patients who developed AKI had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.147-1.691) so; they required longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Conclusion: CK-MB can be a useful biomarker for detecting early AKI after congenital cardiac surgery and predicting adverse clinical outcomes.