This paper presents an empirical investigation to identify and weight elongation factors promoting science and technology parks for development of the national innovation system. The study designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and determines the relative importance of seven groups of items including policy, financial resources of innovation, knowledge acquisition for innovation, upgrading innovation technology, knowledge distribution, human resources development and good and service production. Using some statistical observation, the study indicates that human resources development is the most important factor followed by financial resources and policy. In addition, the study has determined positive and meaningful relationships among all pairs of factors in development of national innovation system.

Background and Objective:A variety of natural, man-made, and technological hazards threaten the resilience of a system and make it vulnerable. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the vulnerability of the gas distribution network in the city of Tehran. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed in town board stations (TBSs) in one of the gas distribution areas of Tehran during 2019-2020. This study was conducted based on the approach of identifying hazard and threat centers and vulnerability assessment. The vulnerability assessment was performed using a three-dimensional matrix consisting of three factors, including the probability of occurrence, the severity of the damage, and the extent of preparedness for the threat. Results: In total, six hazard or threat sources were identified in the studied TBSs, including insulating joints, shut-off valves, station pipelines, sensors, regulators, and filters. The vulnerability caused by these six sources was estimated at 36, 30, 120, 112, 40, and 140, respectively. Based on the results, insulating joints, shut-off valves, and regulators presented threats of level two (medium), and station pipelines, sensors, and filters were level three threats (severe). The vulnerability index was in the range of 101-215. Conclusion:The results indicated that the resilience of TBSs in this area are threatened by six major sources. Furthermore, the results of the vulnerability assessment of these TBSs revealed that the resilience to these threats is relatively low. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the reduction of vulnerability in this area of the gas distribution network.

Resilience as a counterpoint to vulnerability can reduce the vulnerability of various natural, man-made, and technological threats in complex technical systems. The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of comparative assessment of the vulnerability of a gas supply network to natural and technological threats. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran metropolis gas supply network including town board stations, gas supply, and distribution networks in 2019-2020. The study was based on the vulnerability analysis method including three factors of likelihood, severity of consequences, and the degree of preparedness for threats. Comparative vulnerability assessment in these three sections of the gas supply network was performed using IBM SPSS software v. 23.0. Out of eleven identified hazardous elements, the vulnerability index for three hazardous elements was estimated as a weak level threat; four hazardous elements as a medium level threat and the vulnerability index for four hazards were evaluated as a severe threat. The results of comparative vulnerability assessment based on three parts of gas supply network showed that the highest vulnerabilities related to the gas distribution network (133.66±24.63), gas supply network (115.0±35.35), and town board stations (79.49±68.51. In addition, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the vulnerability difference in these three sections was not significant (p>0.05). The findings of the comparative assessment of vulnerability between   different parts of the gas supply network including town board stations (TBS), gas supply and distribution network indicated that the resilience of these parts is relatively low and requires special attention in order to reduce vulnerability in Tehran metropolis gas supply network.