Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. The conventional vaccine has some major problems. Therefore, recombinant vaccines such as Multiple-epitope are suggested. OmpL1 and lipL32 are the most important proteins of Leptospira interrogans bacteria that can be used in epitope prediction to design a multiple-epitope vaccine. Hence, in this study, the most reliable and accurate online servers were applied to predict B cell and T cell epitopes, the secondary and tertiary structures, enzyme digestion, and antigenicity of ompL1 and lipL32. The results showed that epitopes located at 103 -122, 210 -232, and 272 -291amino acid residues are the common epitopes between T cell (MHCI) and B cell. 288 -308 amino acid residues were introduced as common epitopes to stimulate both T cell (MHCI and MHCII) and B cell of ompL1 protein. In the case of LipL32 protein, 80 -96 amino acid residues are recommended for T cell epitopes and 63-81 amino acid residues for stimulation of both B and T cells. All the mentioned epitopes can be considered as linear epitopes in designing a recombinant vaccine based on chimeric epitopes. It appears that these epitopes can be applied to design recombinant multiple-epitope vaccines against leptospirosis.
Introduction: Escherichia coli O157:H7, as a pathogenic agent, can be transmitted through the foods including meat, meat products, dairy products, vegetables and water. The World Health Organization has recommended that all countries in the world, especially developing countries, should consider the investigation of E. coli O157:H7 as a research priority. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of E. coli O157:H7 in meat of cow, sheep, goat, and camel in Kerman province of Iran using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Methods: In this study, 280 meat samples consisting of sheep (90 specimens), cow (80 specimens), goat (60 specimens) and camel (50 specimens) meats were randomly separated from carcasses from April to July 2018. After the sampling, microbial culture was performed on the samples. Then, suspected E. coli O157:H7 colonies were evaluated by PCR assay. Results: Out of the 280 samples, 73 samples (26%) were contaminated with E. coli. based on bacteriological tests, and 28 samples were identified as suspected E. coli O157:H7 serotype based on the lack of sorbitol fermentation. Subsequently, sorbitol-negative samples were tested by PCR procedure using specific primers. The results revealed that out of 28 cases, 21 cases (7.5%) were E. coli O157:H7. Conclusion: As can be deduced from the observations of this study, to detect the E. coli O157, PCR as an accurate, fast, and reliable procedure can be used along with the culture method.
In order to evaluate genetic improvement in a selected population, variation resulted from environment and genetics should be dissociated. Because of the positive genetic correlation between milk fat yield and milk and protein yield, selection for milk production has often resulted in an increase in fat and protein yields however response for fat percentage is negative. However positive genetic trends between 0.73 to 0.95 kg per annum for milk fat yield in Holstein cattle have been reported in some studies that milk fat yield had less importance in selection index, also negative values are reported. Based on previous research, genetic improvement of milk fat yield up to 1 percent due to selection is possible and from a theoretical view, an improvement of about 2 percent is reported. With attention to selection in the herd and using progeny tested semen from foreign countries that have suitable genetic potential, this study was accomplished in order to estimate genetic parameters for milk fat and investigate genetic and environmental trends during 1990 to 2001.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.