Electrooxidation of 3-substituted catechols has been studied in the presence of dimedone in aqueous solution, using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry. The results indicate that the quinones derived from catechols participate in Michael addition reactions with dimedone to form the corresponding benzofuran derivatives (6a-c). We propose a mechanism for the electrode process. The efficient electrochemical synthesis of 6a-c has been performed at carbon rod electrodes in an undivided cell using a constant current.

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We study the overlap between the medical malpractice (med mal) and medical disciplinary systems using the records of almost 90,000 Illinois physicians who held an active license at any point from 1990–2016. We quantify the specialty‐specific risk of having a paid med mal claim or a disciplinary action; how many physicians have both; and the extent to which physicians with two or more paid claims or two or more disciplinary actions account for a disproportionate share of the activity of both systems. We also examine which factors are associated with paid claims and disciplinary actions, and whether physicians with multiple paid claims or disciplinary actions are concentrated at particular hospitals. Physicians with two or more paid claims account for only 2.37 percent of all licensed physicians, but they account for 53 percent of paid claims and payouts. Physicians with two or more disciplinary actions account for only 0.47 percent of physicians but 28 percent of all disciplinary actions. The risk of paid claims and disciplinary actions varies greatly by specialty. Physicians who attended non‐U.S. medical schools are more likely to have paid claims but (except for high‐disciplinary‐risk specialties) are not more likely to be subject to disciplinary action. Physicians with prior paid claims are more likely to be the target of disciplinary action—but not vice versa. A small number of Illinois hospitals are staffed by physicians with unusually high numbers of paid med mal claims, disciplinary actions, or both.

This paper investigates the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in Libya during the period 1970-2010. The empirical results vary with estimation methodology and model specification, but indicate the lack of long-run relationship between financial intermediation and nonhydrocarbon output growth. The OLS estimation shows that financial development has a statistically significant negative effect on real nonhydrocarbon GDP per capita growth. However, the VAR-based estimations present statistically insignificant results, albeit still attaching a negative coefficient to financial intermediation. It appears that nonhydrocarbon economic activity depends largely on government spending, which is in turn determined by the country's hydrocarbon earnings.

Native advertising, which matches the look and feel of unpaid news and editorials, has exploded online. The Federal Trade Commission has long required advertising to be clearly and conspicuously labeled, and it recently reiterated that these requirements apply to native advertising. We explore whether respondents can distinguish native advertising and "regular" ads from unpaid content, using 16 native ads, 5 '"egular" ads, and 8 examples of news/editorial content, drawn from multiple sources and platforms. Overall, only 37% of respondents thought that the tested examples of native advertising were paid content, compared to 81% for "regular" advertising, with variation by platform, advertiser, and labeling. Modest labeling changes materially increased the number of respondents that correctly recognized that native ads are paid contentbut even these improved results fell well short of those for "regular" advertising. We also explored labeling preferences and self-reported concern about native advertising. Our findings indicate that native advertising involves a significant risk of deception which self-regulation has not addressed.