The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between some of the corporate governance mechanisms on social responsibility disclosure. To measure the level of corporate social responsibility information disclosure, according to the research of Nirwanto et al. (2010)

Purpose This study aims to determine the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation at the related quadruple levels of commercialisation, including the idea, benchtop technical knowledge, prototype technical knowledge and commercialised technical knowledge, and then classify the factors by the valuation objectives. Design/methodology/approach The study method is descriptive-causal, and documentation tools of published scientific research articles in authentic local and international journals were used to extract the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation. Moreover, the Likert spectrum-based questionnaire is used to determine the weight of each determined component. On the other hand, hierarchical analysis is used based on the extracted results from the distributed classification questionnaire among scholars to determine the allocable weight of each component. Findings The results indicate that at the idea step, the highest ranks among the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation are for the indicators of innovation rate enhancement, novelty, creation of new products, profitability growth and dependence decline. In the benchtop technical knowledge step, the indicators of profitability growth, product quality enhancement, novelty, production risk drop, innovation rate enhancement, production costs drop, product price competitiveness and independence from rare machinery have the highest impact coefficients on valuation. Moreover, the prioritisation of factors in prototype technical knowledge shows that the indicators of productive risk decline, infrastructure, decrease in product delivery time, productivity growth and profitability growth are the most critical factors in technical knowledge valuation. Finally, profitability growth factors, production cost drop, productive risk drop, creating a new product, product price competitiveness and dependence decline determine the most valuable technical knowledge in the commercialisation phase. Research limitations/implications The most salient innovation of the study involves the development levels of technical knowledge in the commercialisation cycle for determining the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation and using multivariate decision-making methods to classify the so-called factors. The major limitation can be the context of the study because the paper was carried out by Iranian assessors and specialists using the experiences, opinions and approaches of opinion leaders based on the dominant social, cultural and accounting background of a developing country, not a developed one. Originality/value This paper is applicable because it elucidates the technical knowledge valuation factors for managers and owners of technological and knowledge-based companies to facilitate value determination and register the technical knowledge of innovative products in financial statements for the logical presentation of available intangible assets in the economic unit. Besides, in the high-tech area, collecting information from the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation provides an opportunity to support intellectual property rights and facilitate transaction processes. Finally, in legal areas, in cases of breaching intellectual property rights relative to technical knowledge, the determination of technical knowledge value provides a solid basis for estimating the damage rate.

The present study aims at investigating, at first, the relationship between the features of loss-making companies and the probability of achieving the first profit in the years following the loss; and then, analyzing the relationship between probable profitability of the loss-making companies and future abnormal return on shares. This study is carried out according to the information available on the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange, during 2002-2011, on a selected sample consisting of 72 companies. The method used for hypotheses testing is logistic regression and generalized regression model (linear mixed model). The results obtained from hypotheses testing for return on loss model in this study indicate the existence of a significant positive relationship between the level of the loss-making companies' investment in capital assets and the probability of return on loss; the existence of a significant negative relationship between accounting conservatism level and the probability of profitability; as well as lack of relationship between special expenses (R & D, sales promotion, inventions and discoveries) and the probability of return on loss. The results from the final model test show the significant positive relationship between the probability of return on loss and abnormal return on shares of the companies. The main limitation of the current study is the lack of proper disclosure of some of the variables of this study by firms, including investing in specific costs in financial statements and notes as separate and distinct costs from other expenditures.