The prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus is increasing globally particularly in developing countries. Previously, diabetes mellitus type-2 was disease of middle aged and elderly, but recently it is affecting younger age group including adolescents especially in the high risk population. OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus type-2 in a rural population of age 30 years and above, 2. To determine the prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a rural population of age 30 year and above, and 3. To study the association of various risk factors with diabetes mellitus type-2 and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. METHODOLOGYA community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in population 30 years and above at Chanpi village in the district of Katihar in Bihar during the study period of 1 st January to 31 st December 2014. This was a community-based study in which all persons aged 30 years or more living in this village were eligible for participation. After taking early morning fasting sample, the study subjects were given 75 gm of anhydrous glucose in 200 mL of water to drink in 5 minutes and blood samples were collected exactly after 2 hours to estimate oral glucose tolerance. Samples were tested in the laboratory on the same day. RESULTSTotal sample size in this study was 916 and out of this 31 were found to have type-2 diabetes mellitus and 75 were Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT). Distribution of type 2 diabetes among non-vegetarians was found to be 77.42% and 85.33% in IGT. 54.84% males and 45.16% females were found to be type-2 diabetes mellitus and almost same percentage of males and females were found in IGT. Distribution of DM-2 according to literacy level was found to be 29.03%, 41.94%, 19.35%, 6.45%, 3.23% are illiterate, just literate, primary, secondary, higher secondary school person respectively. CONCLUSIONSThis study shows that the prevalence of diabetes and IGT is high in the subjects having sedentary lifestyle, non-vegetarians, and illiterates. Control of DM and IGT mandates lifestyle modification and control of risk factors.

BACKGROUNDIn India, approximately 5500 children and adolescents start using tobacco products daily, some as young as 10 years old. The majority of users have first use tobacco prior to the age of 18 years. Uttar Pradesh shows a high tobacco use, smoking being more popular than chewing. OBJECTIVES 1. To find out the prevalence of tobacco use among males above 15 years of age. 2. To assess the sociodemographic and other correlates on tobacco use. MATERIALS AND METHODSOut of 10,000 population residing in urban field practice area, number of males above 15 years of age was 3800. A sampling of eligible subjects was done by systematic random sampling technique, including every 4 th male in study. RESULTSThe prevalence of tobacco use is 54.68%, among which 28.12% are smoking and 26.56% are using smokeless form of tobacco. The prevalence is more in upper socioeconomic status (38.70%) than lower socioeconomic status (25%), more in nuclear families as comparison to joint family and in non-vegetarian as comparison to vegetarians. There is also an association between literacy and tobacco use; more in illiterate persons as comparison to those who are educated for more than high school. CONCLUSIONSThis study shows that the prevalence of tobacco use is high among nuclear families, high socioeconomic status, unmarried people, non-vegetarians and illiterate persons.

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BACKGROUND This study was an attempt to find the association of physical parameters, risk factors, common signs & symptoms of septicaemia, analyse the distribution of microorganisms isolated from clinically suspected cases of septicaemia, and collect their antibiogram. We also wanted to evaluate the haematological findings in conventional culture, correlate them to the sensitivity and specificity, and quantitatively identify the relevance of these haematological tests through their positive and negative predictive values. METHODS A total of 350 blood samples were received from patients with clinically suspected cases of blood stream infections (BSI) at the Department of Microbiology for routine culture & sensitivity and were processed using standard microbiological techniques to determine the percentage distribution of bacterial pathogens causing BSI and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) with 4 % NaCl was used to detect methicillin resistance. RESULTS Of the 350 septicaemic cases, 58.8 % were from neonatal ICU and 41.2 % were from paediatric wards. Maximum culture positivity (45.3 %) was seen in < 28 days age group. Bacterial growth was seen in 62.0 % preterm babies. Probability of sepsis was more with leukopenia (85.4 %) as compared to leucocytosis (68.9 %); positive C-reactive protein (CRP) findings (63.8 %) were more likely to be associated with sepsis as compared to negative CRP findings (2.1 %). Leukopenia (97.5 %) and leucocytosis (96.3 %) had the highest specificity values. CONCLUSIONS Low birth weight (LBW) neonates, preterm birth and Caesarean section deliveries are risk factors that predispose neonates to septicaemia. Meropenem can be used in septaemia, but it should be reserved for critical cases, particularly those with multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, rather than on routine basis to prevent inadvertent promotion of bacterial resistance. This study showed that leukopenia and CRP are good indicators of sepsis, when used in combination. KEYWORDS Blood Stream Infection, Early Onset Septicemia, Late Onset Septicemia