This paper is a straightforward exercise in estimating
earnings functions and computing the private rates of returns to
different levels of education. The latter summarizes the incentives to
the individual to invest in human capital formation, while the former
helps in ascertaining the influence of both human and non human capital
variables on the earnings of the individual. A few studies conducted in
the past found the rates of returns to education in Pakistan not in
conformity with those of the majority of the developing countries for
which such estimates exist. The estimated rates were lower for all
levels of education in Pakistan than in the developing world. Moreover,
the computed rates of returns had a positive association with the level
of education.
The Covid-19 is an unexpected event in the world history with substantial socio-economic impact on the global economy. The global financial market was also badly affected as reflected by the extreme volatility as well as weak performances in the stock markets all over the world. How do the Islamic stock markets in various parts of the world behave during the Covid-19 shock? The objective of this study is to identify the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization on the Islamic stock markets. Using the threshold volatility and event study models, the study analyses the impact of the Covid-19 announcement on the Islamic stock indices in the Indian Stock Exchange (represented by the Bombay Stock Exchange - BSE Shariah Index) and Indonesian Stock Exchange (represented by the Jakarta Islamic Indices - JII). With the date of event identified as 11th March 2020, the event window consists of 60, 30, and 20 days. The results show that the BSE Shariah and JII have positive coefficients, with the BSE Shariah Index shows negative response to the announcement of Covid-19 as global pandemic. On the other hand, the JII reacted positively to the event. The study shows the reaction of a stock exchange is dependent on other economic factors unique to the country, resulting in the events impact of the Covid-19 to vary from one country to another.
In recent yean, due to a virtual unanimity about the critical
role of hmnan capital in economic development, increased efforts are
being made in the developing countries to eradicate illiteracy. Despite
a significant increase over time in the number of educational
institutions and the government's expenditure on education in Pakistan,
the performance of the education sector in terms of output has been at
best meagre. This non-correspondence between the growth in the
educational institutions and the resultant output implies that failure
to enlist the participation of the population in education can hardly be
attributed exclusively to an insufficiency of the schools. To the extent
that child schooling reflects parental capacity to invest in hmnan
capital formation, there is a need to reckon with factors bearing
parental decision regarding child schooling. This paper investigates
family's decision regarding child schooling through an assessment of the
determinants of child school-enro1ment, using choice theoretic
framework. The regression results are indicative of the influence of
household status, both economic and social, on the propensity to invest
in child schooling. A positive association between the household income,
parental education, and tenurial status as land-owner bear out the
importance of these factors in shaping the household's decision
regarding investment in human capital formation. The study also fmds
traces of the quantity-quality trade-off in family's preferences
regarding the nmnber of children, and it is found to be male-specific.
The most disturbing fmding of the study appears to be the predominance
of the influence originating from parental education. It is this
inter-generational transfer of human capital which needs more attention
as it also implies that illiteracy, and hence poverty, of the parents
gets transmitted to the off-spring. The analysis also brings out the
fact that the labour market hiring practices serve as an important
feedback to the household's human capital formation
behaviour.
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