Background: Balance impairment causes frequent falls in older adults, and preventing falls remains challenging. Dual-task (DT) training reduces falls by improving balance, but the precise theory is not fully understood. This review aims to explore the theories underlying the effectiveness of DT in improving balance and reducing falls in older adults. Methods: Eleven electronic databases were searched from database inception to June 2022. Two reviewers independently performed study screening and data extraction. The risk of bias (RoB) in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration RoB 2 tool. Results: The searches yielded 1478 citations, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Twenty-two of the 30 included studies utilized the motor-cognitive type of DT for training, while six used motor-motor and two utilized cognitive–cognitive DT. The included studies reported 20 different theories to explain the effectiveness of DT for improving balance and reducing falls in older adults. The predominant theory identified in the included studies was attention theory (n = 14). Overall, 26 studies reported improved balance and five studies found a reduction in fall incidence following DT training. Balance and falls improved significantly in 15 motor-cognitive DT intervention studies. Conclusion: Attention shifting between two tasks is reported to occur following DT training. Motor-cognitive DT training improves balance and reduces fall incidence in older adults by shifting attention based on the difficulty and priority of a task from the motor to the cognitive task.

Complete scenario of number and factors of knee injuries among the male footballers is intangible; therefore, it would seem essential to compute the injuries in relation to field condition and to show the nature and type of injuries including the possible risk factors. In a total of 200 of 215 soccer athletes playing at least one year professionally were randomized with the age range 14-40 years recruited from different divisional clubs. All information collected through questionnaires from five football clubs who were participating in the tournament from March 2011 to February 2012. In total, from 200 players, 116 of them suffered soft tissue injuries (29 per 100 players) in the knee on average 27 years of age. A higher percentage of injury explored in midfielder 35.5%, and the ligament was the most common 63.8% soft tissue injury. 59% participant noted about lack of a particular exercise regimen for the knee. Poor ground condition significantly associated with the injury (x2= 6.7503, p= 0.034). There was a significant association (OR= 2.745, x2= 11.1048, p= 0.0010) between performing particular exercise (41%) and non-performing (59%); and knee injuries. Most injuries were characteristically mild (58.6%). Majority of injuries occurred in contact (74.1%), during games (44%). The significant relationship found between warm up and knee injury (OR= 2.110, x2= 5.8808, p= 0.0107). Physiotherapy treatment 39.6% was the second choice of managements. Our findings revealed that midfielders suffered a greater percentage of knee injuries compared to other positions, with injuries being more predominant during match play.

No abstract

No abstract

Background Physical activities among adolescents are limited, and suicidal, psychosocial, and risky health indicators are alarmingly rising in low-resource countries, including Bangladesh. Thus, this study investigates the prevalence, associations and relative contributors of physical activity with suicidal, psychosocial, risky-health indicators. Methods This is a secondary analysis of GSHS database. A total of 2058 adolescents in grades 7 to 10, aged 11 to 17 years completed a self-administered questionnaire. Sex-stratified logistic regression was utilized to evaluate associations between physical activity and suicidal, psychological, and risky-health indicators. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to identify the risky indicators. Hierarchical regression examined the aforementioned factors' contributions to physical activity. Results Half of the adolescents (boys 18.9% vs. girls 30.3%) indicated satisfactory physical activity following WHO guidelines. Most active group of frequency of activity and walking or bicycle to school were positively associated with suicidal behavior. Isolated adolescents suffered anxiety despite frequent engagement in physical activity. Reduced frequency of physical activity was significantly associated with sexual activity, smoking, tobacco product usage (girls), alcohol abuse (boys), and ever-abusing drug use (boys and girls). Cluster analysis revealed girls and boys were predisposed to physical abuse and bully, respectively. Hierarchical regression models showed a significant contribution of selected predictors to physical activity. Conclusion Increased physical activity through regular walking and bicycling may lower suicidal behavior among adolescents. The most active groups of physical activity were associated with predictors and varied by sex; boys were bullied, while girls were subjected to physical abuse.